Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
177 listings

Save with Porsche Cayenne rebates
Check your savings potential before you buy

  • New Listing
    Photos not available
    • 148,707 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Quebedeaux Buick GMC (86 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Tucson, AZ / 86 miles away from Chandler, AZ

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AB2A23CLA44697
    Stock: 351109B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-30-2025

  • $19,995
    fair price
    $109 above market
    • 96,000 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 15 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Certified Luxury Auto (17 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Scottsdale, AZ / 17 miles away from Chandler, AZ

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AC2A23BLA85438
    Stock: A85438
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-01-2025

  • New Listing
    $21,948
    fair price
    $1,636 below market
    • 113,247 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 15 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • AutoNation Subaru Scottsdale (27 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Scottsdale, AZ / 27 miles away from Chandler, AZ

    Porsche Communication Management (Pcm)Yachting Mahogany Interior PackageWheels: 10J X 21" Et 50 911 Turbo IiRearview Camera Including Front & Rear ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AD2A23ELA75865
    Stock: ELA75865
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-06-2025

    • 65,530 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Phoenix (26 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 26 miles away from Chandler, AZ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AB2A23ELA57100
    Stock: 2003821018
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-17-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 74,147 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 15 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Phoenix (26 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 26 miles away from Chandler, AZ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AD2A26ELA73740
    Stock: 2003973155
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-09-2025

  • $16,995
    good price
    $1,806 below market
    • 131,000 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 15 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Expert Auto Deals (24 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 24 miles away from Chandler, AZ

    2013 Porsche Cayenne Turbo Sport Utility 4D V8, Twin Turbo, 4.8 Liter AWD * Drives and handles great!

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AC2A21DLA92911
    Stock: A92911
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-09-2025

  • Price Drop
    $15,999
    fair price
    $1,055 above market
    • 147,500 miles
    • 3 accidents, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Valley Auto Source (16 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Tempe, AZ / 16 miles away from Chandler, AZ

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AF2A26DLA41749
    Stock: a41749
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-18-2025

  • New Listing
    • 78,843 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Salt Lake City, UT / 520 miles away from Chandler, AZ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A24DLA10742
    Stock: 2004003281
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-25-2025

    • 67,856 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 15 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Los Angeles, CA / 376 miles away from Chandler, AZ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AC2A27DLA93156
    Stock: 2003977942
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-14-2025

  • $19,995
    good price
    $3,466 below market
    • 63,129 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Prestige Auto Brokers (35 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 35 miles away from Chandler, AZ

    Financing available Trades welcome !!!!!!!      Open by appointment only      !!!!!! Price plus sales tax license and $399 doc fee NO hidden fees ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A22GKA08496
    Stock: A2580
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-30-2025

  • New Listing
    $7,995
    fair price
    $502 below market
    • 131,543 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 12 City / 17 Hwy MPG
    • Autodealz (6 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Chandler, AZ / 6 miles away from Chandler, AZ

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (12 City/17 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AB29P36LA64579
    Stock: A64579
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-26-2025

  • Price Drop
    $33,990
    fair price
    $371 below market
    • 73,505 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Phoenix (26 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 26 miles away from Chandler, AZ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AD2A25GLA72372
    Stock: 2003947576
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-08-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 121,846 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 15 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Portland, OR / 1,028 miles away from Chandler, AZ

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Rare Find,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Leather Seats,4-Wheel Disc Brakes,8-Speed A/T,A/C,ABS,Adjustable Steering...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A21ELA92768
    Stock: LA92768T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 57,651 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MA to AZ*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in North Attleboro, MA / 2,272 miles away from Chandler, AZ

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A24ELA97009
    Stock: 27320743
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $8,990
    fair price
    $994 below market
    • 107,124 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 12 City / 17 Hwy MPG
    • Grace Auto Sales (83 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Tucson, AZ / 83 miles away from Chandler, AZ

    2005 Porsche Cayenne S. 1owner Well Maintained Super Clean in/outVisit Grace Auto Sales to shop our great deals. You can contact us or call 5**-6*...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (12 City/17 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AB29P45LA64900
    Stock: 1122
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-05-2025

  • $32,990
    good price
    $1,582 below market
    • 63,535 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Los Angeles, CA / 376 miles away from Chandler, AZ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AF2A25FLA43883
    Stock: 2003996551
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-19-2025

  • New Listing
    $29,590
    fair price
    $542 below market
    • 39,846 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 1,768 miles away from Chandler, AZ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AB2A2XFLA59962
    Stock: 2003960429
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-07-2025

  • New Listing
    $21,999
    great price
    $6,928 below market
    • 7,368 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Carzz Motor Sports (25 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Fountain Hills, AZ / 25 miles away from Chandler, AZ

    Turn heads as you navigate the city streets in this sleek 2016 Porsche Cayenne. With its bold white exterior and alloy wheels, this luxury SUV is read...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A22GLA04815
    Stock: A04815
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-30-2025

    • 34,992 miles
    • No accidents, 5 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • CSC Motors (14 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Tempe, AZ / 14 miles away from Chandler, AZ

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (N/A City/N/A Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AE2A24FLA50391
    Stock: SCA50391
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-21-2023

  • EV RebatesCertain EVs and PHEVs may be eligible for a rebate. Buyer and car must qualify.
    • 85,266 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • Porsche of Tucson (89 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Tucson, AZ / 89 miles away from Chandler, AZ

    At Porsche Tucson, every pre-owned vehicle we offer goes through a comprehensive safety inspection, ensuring each car is driver-ready and up to the hi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (N/A City/N/A Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AE2A26FLA52899
    Stock: P2570107A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-20-2025

  • $7,777
    good price
    $2,356 below market
    • 105,655 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 12 City / 17 Hwy MPG
    • Sullivan Motor Company (12 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Mesa, AZ / 12 miles away from Chandler, AZ

    If you're searching for the BEST PRICE on a quality pre-owned vehicle, look no further. Our NO-PRESSURE & professional sales staff is eager to assist ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (12 City/17 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AB29P24LA71908
    Stock: A71908
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-21-2025

Showing 1 - 21 out of 177 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Porsche Cayenne

Read recent reviews for the Porsche Cayenne
Overall Consumer Rating
4.7 out of 5 stars74 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 74 reviews
  • 5 star
    (78%)
  • 4 star
    (18%)
  • 3 star
    (4%)
  • 2 star
    (0%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
5 out of 5 stars

More than I expected in a SUV

el415, 01/04/2011
2008 Porsche Cayenne Tiptronic 4dr SUV AWD (3.6L 6cyl 6A)
You wonder how they do it, other than you being high off of the ground you hardly notice the weight and size of this car. No it doesn't have Porsche speed, but it's plenty quick for any base luxury SUV. I had a Discovery 2 and a 540i. It really drives a like the 540i, but not as quick, it's very similar to a 528i or an Audi A6 3.0. As to the Disco, the Cayenne is far more nimbler and … much more responsive. It's a European sports sedan that's tall, big, and can go off-road (if that's important to you, check out videos on Youtube).
Report abuse

Used 2012 Porsche Cayenne in Chandler, AZ Values

Estimated values
2012 Porsche Cayenne S 4dr SUV 4WD (4.8L 8cyl 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$8,160$11,515$13,492
Clean$7,769$10,890$12,676
Average$7,118$9,848$11,318
Rough$6,271$8,493$9,551

The average list price of a used 2012 Porsche Cayenne in Chandler, Arizona is $21,790. The average mileage on a used Porsche Cayenne 2012 for sale in Chandler, Arizona is 86,395. Based on the average mileage of 86,395 for used 2012 Porsche Cayenne for sale in Chandler, AZ and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Porsche Cayenne 2012 in Chandler, Arizona to be $7,118.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

EV Details

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.