Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
2,270 listings
  • $29,998
    fair price
    $733 above market
    • 43,402 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Twin City Hyundai (238 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Alcoa, TN / 238 miles away from Columbus, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4FHXKLA33444
    Stock: KLA33444Y
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-02-2025

  • $27,590
    fair price
    $1,469 above market
    • 55,036 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Carvana - Charlotte (304 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 304 miles away from Columbus, GA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4EH9KLA69787
    Stock: 2003704352
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-17-2025

  • New Listing
    $23,999
    fair price
    $610 above market
    • 109,771 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Jim Hudson Ford (238 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Lexington, SC / 238 miles away from Columbus, GA

    Recent Arrival! Clean CARFAX.2019 Ford Ranger XLT 4WD, 4x4 FX4 Off-Road Bodyside Decal, 8-Way Pwr Driver & Pass Heated Seats w/Pwr Lumbar, Auto-Dimmin...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4FH9KLA47156
    Stock: F39530B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-20-2025

  • Price Drop
    $26,990
    fair price
    $1,493 above market
    • 62,380 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • D-Patrick Nissan (407 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Evansville, IN / 407 miles away from Columbus, GA

    2019 Ford Ranger XLT **Prices listed do not include a $245 documentation fee, applicable tax, title, tags, license, or $195 service and preparation. A...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER1FH0KLA97779
    Stock: Z10954
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-31-2025

  • $19,999
    fair price
    $843 above market
    • 68,804 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Capital Ford Lincoln of Rocky Mount (473 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Rocky Mount, NC / 473 miles away from Columbus, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER1EH0KLA60524
    Stock: RAW11083
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-10-2025

  • $29,590
    fair price
    $620 above market
    • 62,870 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Carvana - Charlotte (304 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 304 miles away from Columbus, GA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4FH1KLA39987
    Stock: 2003788568
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-06-2025

  • New Listing
    $30,998
    fair price
    $421 above market
    • 49,980 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • CarMax Independence Boulevard (305 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 305 miles away from Columbus, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4FH1KLB19936
    Stock: 26600555
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $25,109
    good price
    $845 below market
    • 77,155 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Scott Clark Toyota (305 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Matthews, NC / 305 miles away from Columbus, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4EH5KLB11582
    Stock: 61425A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-21-2025

  • $2,995
    fair price
    $261 above market
    • 232,213 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, government vehicle
    • 5'12” bed, 4l, 6cyl
    • Prime Line Auto Sales (355 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • 6ft Bed
    • Extended Cab
    • 5000lb Towing Capaci...
    Close

    Located in Davenport, FL / 355 miles away from Columbus, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (14 City/17 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTZR45E73TA37557
    Stock: TA37557
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-04-2024

  • $29,998
    fair price
    $983 above market
    • 54,617 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • CarMax Orlando (351 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Orlando, FL / 351 miles away from Columbus, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4FH4KLA24237
    Stock: 27008685
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 51,835 miles
    • Manufacturer buyback reported, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Walt Sweeney Ford (460 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 460 miles away from Columbus, GA

    Introducing the robust and reliable 2019 Ford Ranger XL from Walt Sweeney Ford! With over a century of trusted service, Walt Sweeney Ford brings you a...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4EH5KLA86411
    Stock: KLA86411
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-19-2025

  • $27,980
    fair price
    $1,068 above market
    • 58,439 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Lynchburg Mazda (469 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Forest, VA / 469 miles away from Columbus, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4FH5KLA24294
    Stock: Z11075A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-13-2025

  • New Listing
    $17,999
    fair price
    $38 below market
    • 110,120 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Automotive Connection (475 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Fairfield, OH / 475 miles away from Columbus, GA

    Introducing the all-new 2019 Ford Ranger XLT, equipped with the powerful EcoBoost 2.3L Turbo I4 engine, delivering an impressive 270 horsepower and 31...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER1EH4KLA66486
    Stock: D250626
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-19-2025

  • $26,548
    fair price
    $233 above market
    • 38,905 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Fred Caldwell Chevrolet (282 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    Close

    Located in Clover, SC / 282 miles away from Columbus, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4EH8KLA81106
    Stock: P7385
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-10-2025

  • New Listing
    $25,995
    fair price
    $184 above market
    • 65,375 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Mark McLarty Ford (447 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in North Little Rock, AR / 447 miles away from Columbus, GA

    Recent Arrival! **CUSTOMER'S ARE #1 @ MARK MCLARTY FORD**ARKANSAS' PREMIER FORD AND LINCOLN DEALER** BEST PRICES! BEST INVENTORY! BEST OVERALL SALES, ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4FH1KLA32876
    Stock: KLA32876
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-23-2025

  • Price Drop
    $32,740
    great price
    $4,034 below market
    • 8,059 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4'12” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Gary Yeomans Ford Knoxville (250 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Knoxville, TN / 250 miles away from Columbus, GA

    Certified.2024 Ford Ranger XL Silver Metallic 4WD EcoBoost 2.3L I4 GTDi DOHC Turbocharged VCT4WD.**INCLUDED FEATURES & OPTIONS: Equipment Group 100...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4PH5RLE00548
    Stock: P15193
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-17-2025

  • New Listing
    $23,800
    fair price
    $425 above market
    • 85,708 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • City Auto Memphis (340 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    Close

    Located in Memphis, TN / 340 miles away from Columbus, GA

    Vehicle DetailsDiscover the exceptional blend of performance and technology with this pre-owned 2019 Ford Ranger XLT. Designed with a sleek ex...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4EH3KLA96256
    Stock: 510975
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-19-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $26,593
    fair price
    $551 above market
    • 60,585 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Mark Ficken Ford Lincoln (298 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 298 miles away from Columbus, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4FH1KLB11089
    Stock: FC21443A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-20-2025

  • Price Drop
    $29,990
    fair price
    $1,061 above market
    • 55,467 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Reiselman Ford (282 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Dickson, TN / 282 miles away from Columbus, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4FH1KLA24499
    Stock: 3R648A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-12-2025

  • Price Drop
    $24,277
    fair price
    $915 above market
    • 96,194 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Albemarle Ford (339 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Albemarle, NC / 339 miles away from Columbus, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4FH7KLA32333
    Stock: P80873
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-06-2025

  • New Listing
    $25,998
    fair price
    $207 above market
    • 43,807 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • CarMax Jackson (MS) (303 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Jackson, MS / 303 miles away from Columbus, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER1EH5KLA47722
    Stock: 26942032
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 253 - 273 out of 2,270 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Ford Ranger

Read recent reviews for the Ford Ranger
Overall Consumer Rating
4.1 out of 5 stars27 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 27 reviews
  • 5 star
    (37%)
  • 4 star
    (52%)
  • 3 star
    (7%)
  • 2 star
    (0%)
  • 1 star
    (4%)
3.75 out of 5 stars

Not as bad as they say!

JohnRangerboy, 10/19/2010
2010 Ford Ranger XL 2dr Regular Cab Styleside SB (2.3L 4cyl 5M)
I wanted a small 4 cyl truck with auto transmission. I bought on price and features, 4 wheel disc brakes, 5 speed auto, air, tow package, abs, traction and stability control all standard on my Ranger. On Tacoma air was extra and only drum rear brakes, Colorado also rear drum brakes. So far I've clocked 7,000 miles, average gas mileage is 23 mpg since new. Best gas mileage was 29 mpg on … extended trip on the freeway. Handling feels very secure and traction control in the snow/ice really worked well-that was my main concern with a light weight rear drive truck. I don't carry very heavy loads but middling load doesn't seem to bother ride/handling acceleration.(although the preselect header says 5M I have 5A..
Report abuse

Used 2019 Ford Ranger in Columbus, GA Values

Estimated values
2019 Ford Ranger XLT 4dr Crew Cab 4WD SB (2.3L 4cyl Turbo 10A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$20,968$23,309$25,403
Clean$20,525$22,793$24,816
Average$19,786$21,933$23,838
Rough$18,826$20,816$22,566

The average list price of a used 2019 Ford Ranger in Columbus, Georgia is $25,166. The average mileage on a used Ford Ranger 2019 for sale in Columbus, Georgia is 70,987. Based on the average mileage of 70,987 for used 2019 Ford Ranger for sale in Columbus, GA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Ford Ranger 2019 in Columbus, Georgia to be $19,786.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Truck Details

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.