Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
611 listings
  • $55,599
    great price
    $9,291 below market
    • 11,470 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Garber Buick GMC of Ft Pierce (24 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Fort Pierce, FL / 24 miles away from Vero Beach, FL

    SAVE NOW DURING GARBER PRE-OWNED Sales Event! CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. CLEAN CARFAX/1 OWNER, BLIND SPOT MONITOR, BLUETOOTH W/ TECH STREAMING, H...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGFB4FBXRB096690
    Stock: 7096690T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-27-2025

    • 2,113 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 50 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Mercedes-Benz of Orlando (85 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Maitland, FL / 85 miles away from Vero Beach, FL

    Exclusive TrimPanorama Power Tilt/Sliding SunroofPanoramic RoofTrailer HitchNavigation SystemLoad Sill ProtectionAll-Season Front & Rear Floorma...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGFB4GB9SB405053
    Stock: SB405053
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 08-01-2025

  • $43,988
    great price
    $6,238 below market
    • 22,591 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Lexus of Palm Beach (72 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in West Palm Beach, FL / 72 miles away from Vero Beach, FL

    Sun/MoonroofNavigation SystemKeyless StartRear SpoilerThis vehicle includes a Money-Back Guarantee* and passed our precise inspection process. B...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGFB4KE6NA605464
    Stock: NA605464
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-19-2025

  • $45,949
    great price
    $6,359 below market
    • 22,889 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Fields BMW South Orlando (76 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Orlando, FL / 76 miles away from Vero Beach, FL

    GREAT MILES 22,889! EPA 24 MPG Hwy/20 MPG City! NAV, Sunroof, Heated Seats, Onboard Communications System, iPod/MP3 Input, Satellite Radio, Turbo, Pow...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGFB4KB5PA881840
    Stock: SFU99002A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-03-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 3,825 miles
    • 50 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Mercedes-Benz of North Orlando (93 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Sanford, FL / 93 miles away from Vero Beach, FL

    Driver Assistance PackageWheels: 20" Twin 5-SpokePanorama Power Tilt/Sliding SunroofPanoramic RoofTrailer HitchNavigation SystemWinter PackageL...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGFB4GB7SB398197
    Stock: SB398197
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-31-2025

  • Price Drop
    $54,949
    good price
    $4,077 below market
    • 3,378 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Mercedes-Benz of Coconut Creek (99 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Coconut Creek, FL / 99 miles away from Vero Beach, FL

    Wheels: 20" Twin 5-SpokeSun/MoonroofNavigation SystemAll-Season Front & Rear FloormatsNatural Grain Grey Oak TrimKeyless StartRear SpoilerFirst...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGFB4FB7SB303199
    Stock: SB303199
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-01-2025

  • Price Drop
    $81,049
    good price
    $4,232 below market
    • 3,390 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 15 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Mercedes-Benz of Coconut Creek (99 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Coconut Creek, FL / 99 miles away from Vero Beach, FL

    Driver Assistance PackagePanorama Power Tilt/Sliding SunroofPanoramic RoofTrailer HitchLeather SeatsNavigation SystemNight PackageNatural Grain...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGFB8FB4SB318279
    Stock: SB318279
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-01-2025

  • New Listing
    $31,893
    great price
    $4,795 below market
    • 71,411 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Palm Beach Mitsubishi (74 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in West Palm Beach, FL / 74 miles away from Vero Beach, FL

    Full dealer inspection and recently serviced. Extended warranties available for full peace of mind. We welcome all third party inspectors on site. We ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGFB5KB6LA121531
    Stock: PV121531
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-27-2025

  • $58,779
    good price
    $6,689 below market
    • 26,313 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Land Rover Palm Beach (71 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in West Palm Beach, FL / 71 miles away from Vero Beach, FL

    This 2022 GLE AMG GLE 53 is featured in Black with interior. Window Grid Diversity Antenna, Valet Function, Urethane Gear Shifter Material, Trunk/Hatc...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (18 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGFB6BB1NA652662
    Stock: R20889A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-26-2025

  • $67,999
    fair price
    $114 below market
    • 27,940 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Starling Chevrolet GMC (62 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Saint Cloud, FL / 62 miles away from Vero Beach, FL

    2024 Mercedes-Benz GLE 53 AMG® 4MATIC® ONE OWNER, CLEAN CARFAX, NAVIGATION, SUNROOF, LEATHER, ALLOY WHEELS, BACKUP CAMERA, LANE ASSIST, FORWARD COLLIS...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGFB6BB0RB029436
    Stock: 029436T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-16-2025

  • $19,495
    good price
    $1,066 below market
    • 74,475 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Lexus of Palm Beach (72 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in West Palm Beach, FL / 72 miles away from Vero Beach, FL

    Sun/MoonroofKeyless StartRear SpoilerThis vehicle includes a Money-Back Guarantee* and passed our precise inspection process. Best of all the pri...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (18 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGDA5HB5JB188968
    Stock: JB188968
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-18-2025

  • $20,500
    good price
    $2,108 below market
    • 56,857 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Napleton's West Palm Beach Hyundai (72 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in West Palm Beach, FL / 72 miles away from Vero Beach, FL

    Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price! Blue 2018 Mercedes-Benz GLE 4D Sport Utility GLE 350 RWD 3.5L V6 DOHC 24V Odometer is 18500 miles below market a...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGDA5JBXJB068755
    Stock: SU365451B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-09-2025

  • $32,499
    good price
    $3,035 below market
    • 63,191 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Mercedes-Benz of Orlando (85 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Maitland, FL / 85 miles away from Vero Beach, FL

    Wheels: 21" Twin 5-SpokePremium PackagePanorama Power Tilt/Sliding SunroofIlluminated Running BoardsPanoramic RoofNavigation SystemLoad Sill Pro...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGFB4JB2NA682808
    Stock: NA682808
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-24-2025

  • Price Drop
    $44,750
    fair price
    $2,749 below market
    • 36,492 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Napleton's Volkswagen Of Sanford (88 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Sanford, FL / 88 miles away from Vero Beach, FL

    2020 Mercedes-Benz GLE GLE 580 Certified by Carfax - No Accidents, Android Auto / Apple Car Play, Backup Camera, Bluetooth Hands Free Calling, Alloy W...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGFB8GB9LA182544
    Stock: POE2544
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-06-2025

    • 3,330 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Mercedes-Benz of North Orlando (93 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Sanford, FL / 93 miles away from Vero Beach, FL

    Wheels: 22" Amg ® Cross-Spoke Forged; Matte BlackDriver Assistance Package PlusAmg ® Night PackagePanoramic RoofLeather SeatsNavigation S...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGFB8KBXRB138580
    Stock: RB138580
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 07-18-2025

    • 3,075 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Mercedes-Benz of North Orlando (93 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Sanford, FL / 93 miles away from Vero Beach, FL

    Wheels: 20" 10-SpokePanorama Power Tilt/Sliding SunroofCirrus Silver MetallicPanoramic RoofTrailer HitchNavigation SystemWinter PackageNatural ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGFB4FB4RB260273
    Stock: RB260273
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-14-2025

    • 14,787 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Mercedes-Benz of Melbourne (29 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Melbourne, FL / 29 miles away from Vero Beach, FL

    Recent Arrival! Clean CARFAX. Certified.2024 Mercedes-Benz GLE 350 4MATIC®*CLEAN CARFAX*.Mercedes-Benz Certified Pre-Owned Details:* Vehicle History* ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGFB4FB9RB114726
    Stock: B114726A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 08-08-2025

  • Price Drop
    $60,077
    fair price
    $733 below market
    • 5,003 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Mercedes-Benz of Coconut Creek (99 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Coconut Creek, FL / 99 miles away from Vero Beach, FL

    Wheels: 20" 10-SpokePanorama Power Tilt/Sliding SunroofCirrus Silver MetallicPanoramic RoofTrailer HitchNavigation SystemWinter PackageNatural ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGFB4FB5SB292719
    Stock: SB292719
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-01-2025

  • New Listing
    $20,595
    fair price
    $482 below market
    • 61,520 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Garber Buick GMC of Ft Pierce (24 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Fort Pierce, FL / 24 miles away from Vero Beach, FL

    SAVE NOW DURING GARBER PRE-OWNED Sales Event! Clean CARFAX. CLEAN CARFAX, BACKUP CAMERA, BLIND SPOT MONITOR, BLUETOOTH W/ TECH STREAMING, HEATED & COO...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGDA5JB4JB170603
    Stock: 7170603T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-02-2025

  • Price Drop
    $60,477
    fair price
    $370 below market
    • 3,158 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Mercedes-Benz of Coconut Creek (99 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Coconut Creek, FL / 99 miles away from Vero Beach, FL

    Wheels: 20" 10-SpokePanorama Power Tilt/Sliding SunroofCirrus Silver MetallicPanoramic RoofTrailer HitchNavigation SystemWinter PackageAll-Seas...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGFB4FBXSB292702
    Stock: SB292702
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-01-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 3,396 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Mercedes-Benz of Coconut Creek (99 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Coconut Creek, FL / 99 miles away from Vero Beach, FL

    Amg ® Line ExteriorExclusive TrimWheels: 21" Amg ® Twin 5-Spoke W/Black AccentsPanorama Power Tilt/Sliding SunroofPanoramic RoofTrailer H...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGFB5KB5SB277200
    Stock: SB277200
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 08-14-2025

Showing 1 - 21 out of 611 listings
Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

EV Details

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.