Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
912 listings
  • $38,998
    fair price
    $28 above market
    • 56,008 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Glencoe (Edens Expy) (198 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Glencoe, IL / 198 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A50NLB05570
    Stock: 27245756
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 9,878 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Lexus of Merrillville (223 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Merrillville, IN / 223 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    Black 2024 Porsche Macan AWD 7-Speed Porsche Doppelkupplung (PDK) 2.0L I4 TurbochargedRecent Arrival!Visit our showroom and find out why Lexus of Merr...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A53RLB07724
    Stock: LM05671
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-24-2025

  • New Listing
    • 28,371 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Napleton Westmont Porsche (189 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Westmont, IL / 189 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    CARFAX One-Owner. Recent Arrival! Black 2022 Porsche Macan S AWDPERMIUM PACKAGE PLUS, SPORT CHRONO PACKAGE, SPORT TAILIPIPES IN BLACK, ADAPTIVE CRUISE...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AG2A5XNLB22987
    Stock: 15661A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-25-2025

  • Price Drop
    $68,991
    great price
    $10,496 below market
    • 2,744 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • The Porsche Exchange (196 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Highland Park, IL / 196 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    Porsche Certified, Premium Package Plus, ** Trailer Hitch without Tow Ball**, ** Under Door Puddle Light Projectors**, ** Exclusive Design Fuel Cap**,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A59SLB01481
    Stock: PL250046
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-02-2025

  • Price Drop
    $70,991
    great price
    $10,225 below market
    • 3,311 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • The Porsche Exchange (196 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Highland Park, IL / 196 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    Porsche Certified, Premium Package Plus, ** Trailer Hitch without Tow Ball**, **Under Door Puddle Light Projectors**, ** Exclusive Design Fuel Cap**, ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A53SLB00908
    Stock: PL250024
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-02-2025

    • 488 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • Bergstrom Auto (247 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Green Bay, WI / 247 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    2024 Porsche Macan Electric 4 Clean CARFAX. Gentian Blue Metallic AWD Electric ZEV 382hp Odometer is 2722 miles below market average! 107/89 City/High...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Title information not provided

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2XA4RL000182
    Stock: 240826
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-20-2024

  • Price Drop
    • 31,178 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Cincinnati (425 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 425 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A56NLB04925
    Stock: 2003876163
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-15-2025

  • $46,887
    fair price
    $753 below market
    • 23,436 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Baha Auto (201 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 201 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A54NLB05331
    Stock: N22652
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 60,020 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Twins Auto of Dublin (463 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Dublin, OH / 463 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    YOU ALWAYS WIN AT TWINS OF DUBLIN.2022 Porsche Macan Base **PANORAMIC ROOF**, **NAVIGATION**, **USB PORTS**, **ALL WHEEL DRIVE**, **APPLE AND ANDROID...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A57NLB05551
    Stock: D4534
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-09-2025

  • Price Drop
    $48,590
    great price
    $7,356 below market
    • 51,018 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Chicago (168 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 168 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AF2A57MLB60274
    Stock: 2003657288
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-29-2025

  • New Listing
    • 34,398 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Oak Lawn (200 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Oak Lawn, IL / 200 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A54NLB05877
    Stock: 26943515
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $59,936
    good price
    $6,057 below market
    • 24,708 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Los Angeles, CA / 1,542 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Rare Find,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Leather Seats,Nav...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AG2A52PLB35784
    Stock: 5391999-1
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $44,881
    great price
    $5,890 below market
    • 35,731 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Global Motorsports - Bellemeade (481 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Nashville, TN / 481 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    Vehicle Overview MSRP$73280/PremiumPkgPlus/Heated&CooledSeats/PanoramicRoof LaneChangeAssist/20"MacanSWheels/HeatedSteeringWheel/360Camera/NAV

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A56PLB16799
    Stock: B16799
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-25-2025

    • 73,126 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Walser Auto Campus (419 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Wichita, KS / 419 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    2022 Porsche Macan, located at Porsche Wichita. Original MSRP $64,890. Jet Black Metallic with Black Leather interior. This Macan is equipped with Lan...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A57NLB07607
    Stock: 56P1030T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-15-2025

  • $35,950
    great price
    $4,725 below market
    • 38,587 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Dean Team Hyundai (243 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Ballwin, MO / 243 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A57MLB16855
    Stock: 21322A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-21-2025

  • $76,989
    great price
    $5,557 below market
    • 24,183 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Kearns Motor Car Co (165 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Johnson Creek, WI / 165 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AF2A52PLB58520
    Stock: 9312
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-30-2025

  • $45,984
    good price
    $4,586 below market
    • 27,158 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Genesis of Highland Park (196 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Highland Park, IL / 196 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    2021 Porsche Macan SPlease Call 224-470-1000 For More Details And Availability.Discover The One & Only Way To Buy Your Next Vehicle! Welcome To G...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AB2A5XMLB36935
    Stock: U10203
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-10-2025

  • New Listing
    • 46,072 miles
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Independence (250 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Independence, MO / 250 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A58NLB03243
    Stock: 26967581
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $66,500
    good price
    $3,026 below market
    • 3,892 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Porsche Downtown Chicago (206 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 206 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    2025 Porsche Macan Base Recent Arrival! Dolomite Silver Metallic 2.0L I4 Turbocharged Macan VIN WP1AA2A50SLB02616 Commission No. I32079 Total Retail P...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A50SLB02616
    Stock: USL1095
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-10-2025

  • $66,900
    good price
    $4,446 below market
    • 2,407 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Porsche Downtown Chicago (206 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 206 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    2025 Porsche Macan Base Recent Arrival! Gentian Blue Metallic 2.0L I4 Turbocharged VIN WP1AA2A54SLB02618 Commission No. I32081 Total Retail Price* $78...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A54SLB02618
    Stock: USL1087
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-02-2025

  • Price Drop
    $69,988
    good price
    $5,238 below market
    • 5,769 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Porsche St. Louis (245 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Saint Louis, MO / 245 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    Porsche St. Louis is proud to present this Certified Pre-Owned 2025 Porsche Macan T. Finished in classic Black and paired with a sophisticated Leather...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A54SLB04059
    Stock: LSLB04059
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 11-05-2024

Showing 85 - 105 out of 912 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Porsche Macan

Read recent reviews for the Porsche Macan
Overall Consumer Rating
4.5 out of 5 stars27 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 27 reviews
  • 5 star
    (81%)
  • 4 star
    (4%)
  • 3 star
    (4%)
  • 2 star
    (4%)
  • 1 star
    (7%)
5 out of 5 stars

Macan S - Ultimate driving pleasure

Ramesh, 06/25/2021
2021 Porsche Macan S 4dr SUV AWD (3.0L 6cyl Turbo 7AM)
I love my Macan S it drives so well and I treasure every moment of it. For the features it’s fairly priced. The only thing you should be prepared is high cost of servicing every time you take it to a Dealer you end up paying $2-3 k minimum..
Report abuse

Used 2022 Porsche Macan in Cedar Rapids, IA Values

Estimated values
2022 Porsche Macan 4dr SUV AWD (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 7AM) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$34,966$37,740$40,632
Clean$34,501$37,217$40,048
Average$33,724$36,346$39,074
Rough$32,715$35,213$37,809

The average list price of a used 2022 Porsche Macan in Cedar Rapids, Iowa is $55,417. The average mileage on a used Porsche Macan 2022 for sale in Cedar Rapids, Iowa is 27,737. Based on the average mileage of 27,737 for used 2022 Porsche Macan for sale in Cedar Rapids, IA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Porsche Macan 2022 in Cedar Rapids, Iowa to be $33,724.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

EV Details

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.