Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
479 listings
  • $38,887
    fair price
    $39 above market
    • 31,599 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Billion Auto Chevy Buick GMC Cadillac of Iowa City (281 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Iowa City, IA / 281 miles away from Topeka, KS

    Unknown

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1FV7DR6NM390473
    Stock: 264882
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-21-2025

    • 37,270 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 20 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Grubbs INFINITI (430 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Grapevine, TX / 430 miles away from Topeka, KS

    Grubbs INFINITI is pleased to present you with another Market Priced Pre-Owned Vehicle that has gone through our comprehensive 167 point safety inspec...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1EV7CP5NM310561
    Stock: NM310561
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-03-2025

    • 92,902 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 20 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Norm Reeves Genesis of Irving (435 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Irving, TX / 435 miles away from Topeka, KS

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1EV7CP1NM310850
    Stock: NM310850AA
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-26-2025

    • 29,013 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Grubbs INFINITI (430 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Grapevine, TX / 430 miles away from Topeka, KS

    Grubbs INFINITI is pleased to present you with another Market Priced Pre-Owned Vehicle that has gone through our comprehensive 167 point safety inspec...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1FV7DP8NM370126
    Stock: NM370126A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-21-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 38,891 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 19 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • INFINITI of Naperville (437 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Naperville, IL / 437 miles away from Topeka, KS

    New Price! *** INFINITI CERTIFIED ***, ***APPLE CARPLAY and ANDROID AUTO***, ***BLUETOOTH/HANDSFREE CONNECTION***, ***ALL WHEEL DRIVE / 4X4***, * CARF...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: Yes

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1EV7BR6NM340770
    Stock: X25216A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-16-2025

  • Price Drop
    $28,999
    fair price
    $430 above market
    • 29,962 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 20 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Bob Moore INFINITI (258 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Oklahoma City, OK / 258 miles away from Topeka, KS

    Odometer is 2729 miles below market average! Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price! 20/29 City/Highway MPGOklahoma City s local INFINITI dealer, Bob Mo...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1EV7BP1NM310462
    Stock: P032558
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-30-2025

    • 3,828 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 19 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • INFINITI of Omaha (156 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Elkhorn, NE / 156 miles away from Topeka, KS

    Certified. Black Obsidian 2024 INFINITI Q50 LUXE AWD 7-Speed Automatic with Overdrive 3.0L V6 INFINITI Certified Pre-Owned Certified, 16 Speakers, 18"...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1EV7BR0RM631870
    Stock: PI0142
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 12-19-2024

    • 3,982 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 19 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • INFINITI of Omaha (156 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Elkhorn, NE / 156 miles away from Topeka, KS

    Certified. Graphite Shadow 2024 INFINITI Q50 LUXE AWD 7-Speed Automatic with Overdrive 3.0L V6 INFINITI Certified Pre-Owned Certified, 16 Speakers, 18...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1EV7BR7RM632126
    Stock: PI0141
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 12-19-2024

  • New Listing
    • 6,750 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 19 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Willis Lexus (204 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Des Moines, IA / 204 miles away from Topeka, KS

    AWD, CLEAN CARFAX, LOCAL TRADE, WELL MAINTAINED VEHICLE-Exterior Parking Camera Rear.-Heated Front Bucket Seats.-Power Moonroof / Sunroof.Cargo Packag...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1EV7BR9RM631950
    Stock: QL249013
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-10-2025

    • 8,735 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 19 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • INFINITI of Denver (492 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Aurora, CO / 492 miles away from Topeka, KS

    Certified 2024 INFINITI Q50 Luxe AWD. A One Owner local to Colorado this luxury sedan is a previous courtesy vehicle right here at INFINITI OF DENVER....

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1EV7BR4RM632455
    Stock: C11865
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-03-2025

  • New Listing
    • 4,198 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 19 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Plaza INFINITI (283 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Creve Coeur, MO / 283 miles away from Topeka, KS

    RECALL NOTICE: Some vehicles offered for sale may be subject to unrepaired manufacturer safety recalls. To determine the recall status of a vehicle, v...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1EV7BR9RM630913
    Stock: 630913
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-04-2025

    • 11,405 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 19 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • INFINITI of Denver (492 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Aurora, CO / 492 miles away from Topeka, KS

    Certified 2024 INFINITI Q50 Luxe AWD. A One Owner this luxury sedan is a previous courtesy vehicle right here at INFINITI OF DENVER. Fun to drive it's...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1EV7BR2RM630381
    Stock: C11860
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-29-2025

    • 11,790 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 20 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Peters Chrysler Jeep Dodge Ram (451 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Longview, TX / 451 miles away from Topeka, KS

    CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. ** PETERS CERTIFIED PRE-OWNED (4 MONTH / 4,000 MILE LIMITED WARRANTY / 2 COMPLIMENTARY OIL CHANGES.This 2024 INFINITI ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1EV7BP9RM600082
    Stock: A7940
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-07-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 9,151 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Luther INFINITI of Bloomington (420 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Bloomington, MN / 420 miles away from Topeka, KS

    INFINITI FACTORY CERTIFIED 6 YEARS 75000 MILE WARRANTY! Heated Leather Seats, Nav System, Moonroof, Aluminum Wheels, Turbo Charged Engine, All Wheel D...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1FV7DR2RM680005
    Stock: P9280
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 01-17-2025

  • $27,996
    fair price
    $557 above market
    • 66,844 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 20 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Keystone Chevrolet (202 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Sand Springs, OK / 202 miles away from Topeka, KS

    EquipmentThe leather seats in this vehicle are a must for buyers looking for comfort, durability, and style. The INFINITI Q50 is pure luxury with a he...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1EV7CP1NM310153
    Stock: P86693
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-27-2024

    • 41,975 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Grubbs INFINITI (430 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Grapevine, TX / 430 miles away from Topeka, KS

    Grubbs INFINITI is pleased to present you with another Market Priced Pre-Owned Vehicle that has gone through our comprehensive 167 point safety inspec...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1FV7DR5RM680127
    Stock: RM680127
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-22-2025

  • New Listing
    • 22,138 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 20 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 684 miles away from Topeka, KS

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1EV7BP3NM311189
    Stock: 2003838056
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-04-2025

  • Price Drop
    $29,780
    fair price
    $820 above market
    • 28,986 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 19 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Verona, NJ / 1,139 miles away from Topeka, KS

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1EV7BR2NM341074
    Stock: MAJ3605
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 51,285 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 19 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Walser Toyota (419 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Bloomington, MN / 419 miles away from Topeka, KS

    At Walser, you’ll get an exceptional car-buying experience. Our *streamlined process* means you’ll work with one dedicated customer specialist to help...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1EV7AR3LM256047
    Stock: C2054
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-30-2025

  • Stock photo**
    • 6,841 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 20 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • D3 Auto Sales (363 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Des Arc, AR / 363 miles away from Topeka, KS

    D3 Auto Sales is proud to offer this superb 2022 INFINITI Q50 in Majestic White. This vehicle has passed our comprehensive inspection and comes with t...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1EV7BP5NM312022
    Stock: 312022
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-24-2025

    • 21,880 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 19 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Salvage Reseller West (442 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Grand Prairie, TX / 442 miles away from Topeka, KS

    This vehicle is located at Haslet, TX Copart yard. Join our online auctions to see its final price. All purchases must take place online at www.salvag...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1EV7BR7RM630280
    Stock: 61171315
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-18-2025

Showing 85 - 105 out of 479 listings

Consumer Reviews for the INFINITI Q50

Read recent reviews for the INFINITI Q50
Overall Consumer Rating
4.4 out of 5 stars49 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 49 reviews
  • 5 star
    (67%)
  • 4 star
    (20%)
  • 3 star
    (4%)
  • 2 star
    (4%)
  • 1 star
    (4%)
5 out of 5 stars

Great driving beast

Scott, 12/18/2018
2019 INFINITI Q50 RED SPORT 400 4dr Sedan (3.0L 6cyl Turbo 7A)
So, I have had this car since 2018. It's a Red Sport so the horsepower and pick up are fantastic. Just at 70,000 miles on the car and no brake work, no engine, transmission, or mechanical problems of any kind. Just oil changes. Don't know why the reviews are not more kind to this car as it is wonderful. I just hope they keep making them!
Report abuse

Used 2022 INFINITI Q50 in Topeka, KS Values

Estimated values
2022 INFINITI Q50 RED SPORT 400 4dr Sedan AWD (3.0L 6cyl Turbo 7A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$35,246$37,898$40,670
Clean$34,656$37,221$39,898
Average$33,674$36,093$38,611
Rough$32,396$34,626$36,938

The average list price of a used 2022 INFINITI Q50 in Topeka, Kansas is $35,757. The average mileage on a used INFINITI Q50 2022 for sale in Topeka, Kansas is 26,639. Based on the average mileage of 26,639 for used 2022 INFINITI Q50 for sale in Topeka, KS and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used INFINITI Q50 2022 in Topeka, Kansas to be $33,674.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.