Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
223 listings
  • New Listing
    • 36,913 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Carvana - Phoenix (16 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 16 miles away from Mesa, AZ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2AF5P9756572
    Stock: 2003510018
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-14-2025

  • Price Drop
    $37,990
    fair price
    $170 below market
    • 48,797 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Memphis, TN / 1,257 miles away from Mesa, AZ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2AD2M9861550
    Stock: 2003549290
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-11-2025

  • New Listing
    • 90,285 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 1,770 miles away from Mesa, AZ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2BF3M9721393
    Stock: 2003518671
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-20-2025

    • 31,752 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 8cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from FL to AZ*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 1,779 miles away from Mesa, AZ

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2AF2M9716154
    Stock: 25935427
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $17,000
    great price
    $4,550 below market
    • 137,816 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Baba's Motorsports (17 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 17 miles away from Mesa, AZ

    We are happy that you would think of Baba's Motorsports LLC when considering your next vehicle purchase. Baba's Motorsports LLC has been building a re...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NE4L9251117
    Stock: 251117
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-31-2024

  • New Listing
    $61,990
    great price
    $3,984 below market
    • 6,882 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • INFINITI of Scottsdale (18 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Scottsdale, AZ / 18 miles away from Mesa, AZ

    Nav, Navigation, GPS, Leather, Sunroof / Moonroof, Back Up Camera, Apple CarPlay / Android Auto, 3rd Row Seating, 4X4, Tow Package, Heated Seats, Heat...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2BE4R9331773
    Stock: P17691
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 03-27-2025

  • Price Drop
    $22,888
    great price
    $4,542 below market
    • 97,278 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 8cyl automatic
    • ASC Motorsports (25 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 25 miles away from Mesa, AZ

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NF0L9704433
    Stock: 4433ts
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-02-2025

  • New Listing
    • 57,068 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 834 miles away from Mesa, AZ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2AF4M9716897
    Stock: 2003629084
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-23-2025

  • $19,991
    great price
    $2,946 below market
    • 96,832 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Auto House (9 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 9 miles away from Mesa, AZ

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NF8J9662414
    Stock: TUR662414
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-27-2025

  • New Listing
    • 37,690 miles
    • 8cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to AZ*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 1,014 miles away from Mesa, AZ

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2AD7M9861253
    Stock: 26941388
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 53,187 miles
    • Issue reported, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Car Time Supercenter (93 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Tucson, AZ / 93 miles away from Mesa, AZ

    A full-size luxury solution greets you with our 2019 INFINITI QX80 Luxe presented in Liquid Platinum! Powered by a 5.6 Liter V8 that offers 400hp pair...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NF9K9689123
    Stock: P24176
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-03-2024

    • 48,659 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 8cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from VA to AZ*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 1,939 miles away from Mesa, AZ

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2BF2M9715052
    Stock: 26910009
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $39,987
    great price
    $2,290 below market
    • 29,754 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • INFINITI on Camelback (14 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 14 miles away from Mesa, AZ

    Discover the 2022 INFINITI QX80 LUXE: A Masterpiece of Luxury, Power, and Elegance for the Discerning Driver Seeking an Unparalleled Driving Experienc...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2AF5N9743009
    Stock: 25045A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 03-28-2025

  • Price Drop
    $47,877
    great price
    $2,407 below market
    • 32,527 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • INFINITI of Scottsdale (18 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Scottsdale, AZ / 18 miles away from Mesa, AZ

    Certified. Clean CARFAX. 4D Sport Utility LUXE 4WD 7-Speed Automatic 5.6L V8 Odometer is 1920 miles below market average! INFINITI Certified Pre-Owned...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2AE1R9327472
    Stock: P7880
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 03-07-2025

  • Price Drop
    $34,995
    great price
    $2,343 below market
    • 53,904 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Scottsdale Mitsubishi (7 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Scottsdale, AZ / 7 miles away from Mesa, AZ

    ((**2022 INFINITI QX80 LUXE 4WD**INFINITI INTOUCH NAVIGATION**POWER OPEN/CLOSE SUNROOF**BLIND-SPOT WARNING SYSTEM**LANE DEPARTURE WARNING SYSTEM**INTE...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2AE0N9291736
    Stock: MSP2491
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-21-2025

  • $40,990
    fair price
    $832 below market
    • 58,132 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 639 miles away from Mesa, AZ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2AE8N9290365
    Stock: 2003582647
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-23-2025

  • Price Drop
    $48,984
    good price
    $1,358 below market
    • 24,332 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Mark Kia (7 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Scottsdale, AZ / 7 miles away from Mesa, AZ

    ((**2022 INFINITI QX80 SENSORY**INFINITI INTOUCH NAVIGATION**POWER OPEN/CLOSE SLIDING AND TILTING SUNROOF W/SUNSHADE AND WIND DEFLECTOR**BLIND-SPOT WA...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2BD5N9870131
    Stock: K28276A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-16-2025

  • $38,398
    good price
    $614 below market
    • 57,881 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, FL / 1,788 miles away from Mesa, AZ

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2AF6N9742449
    Stock: 8DCC3K
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-28-2025

  • Price Drop
    $45,990
    fair price
    $621 above market
    • 36,550 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Cleveland, OH / 1,736 miles away from Mesa, AZ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2AE9N9291329
    Stock: 2003658267
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-22-2025

    • 64,556 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 995 miles away from Mesa, AZ

    Rare Find,3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless Start,Lane Ke...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2AF9N9742476
    Stock: N9742476P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $38,898
    fair price
    $218 below market
    • 58,513 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Morrow, GA / 1,582 miles away from Mesa, AZ

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2AD2N9870623
    Stock: 8DGS3L
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-18-2025

Showing 22 - 42 out of 223 listings

Consumer Reviews for the INFINITI QX80

Read recent reviews for the INFINITI QX80
Overall Consumer Rating
3.4 out of 5 stars28 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 28 reviews
  • 5 star
    (32%)
  • 4 star
    (18%)
  • 3 star
    (18%)
  • 2 star
    (21%)
  • 1 star
    (11%)
4 out of 5 stars

My 5th INFINITI

JTitan, 04/21/2020
2019 INFINITI QX80 LUXE 4dr SUV 4WD (5.6L 8cyl 7A)
This is my fifth INFINITI product, I had have many of their smaller cars and suvs in the past and was very happy. I decided to get something bigger for family use to travel comfortably. The ride quality and interior are excellent, safety systems work great! Reliability keeps me coming back to the brand as all of my INFINITI products have been flawless! This is a very comfortable long … distance cruiser, the rear seat entertainment is easy to use and the heated/cooled seats work quick. Leather quality is good and is resistant to discoloring (I have the wheat colored quilted leather). Overall the only knock is the technology is badly outdated but still does the basics. Gas mileage is predictable for a large naturally aspirated V8, the sound it makes is great and has strong, smooth acceleration! Overall I would buy again as this is an excellent luxury family do everything proper (truck based) suv!
Report abuse

Used 2023 INFINITI QX80 in Mesa, AZ Values

Estimated values
2023 INFINITI QX80 LUXE 4dr SUV (5.6L 8cyl 7A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$32,872$34,202$35,699
Clean$32,502$33,790$35,240
Average$31,885$33,102$34,475
Rough$31,082$32,208$33,481

The average list price of a used 2023 INFINITI QX80 in Mesa, Arizona is $38,525. The average mileage on a used INFINITI QX80 2023 for sale in Mesa, Arizona is 55,205. Based on the average mileage of 55,205 for used 2023 INFINITI QX80 for sale in Mesa, AZ and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used INFINITI QX80 2023 in Mesa, Arizona to be $31,885.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.