Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
271 listings
  • New Listing
    • 52,149 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 24 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 2,179 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (24 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 19UDE2F89NA002974
    Stock: 2003834453
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-26-2025

    • 121,330 miles
    • Insurance loss reported, 3 owners, personal use
    • 24 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • ARide Auto Sales (41 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in New Britain, CT / 41 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    2020 Acura ILX 121k Miles 4 Cylinder Front wheel drive Leather interior Push to start Keyless entry Power windows Power door locks Heated seats Blind ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (24 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 19UDE2F8XLA006755
    Stock: 006755
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-24-2025

  • New Listing
    • 54,150 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 24 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to CT*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Buena Park, CA / 2,478 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (24 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 19UDE2F77NA003564
    Stock: 27615044
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 48,207 miles
    • Insurance loss reported, 2 owners, personal use
    • 24 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • ARide Auto Sales (41 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in New Britain, CT / 41 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    2020 Acura ILX 48k Miles 4 Cylinder Front Wheel Drive Keyless Entry Power Windows Power Door Locks Child Safety Door Locks Electric Power Steering Hea...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (24 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 19UDE2F89LA011445
    Stock: 011445
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-13-2025

    • 76,122 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 24 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Novo Motors (47 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Elmhurst, NY / 47 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    Real Deal Price! **NO HIDDEN FEES** **NO GAMES** **NO DRAMA**Real Deal Price! NO HIDDEN FEES | NO GAMES | NO DRAMA NOVO MOTORS makes every effort to e...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (24 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 19UDE2F7XLA801070
    Stock: 801070NMW
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-26-2025

    • 33,614 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 24 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Honda Of Freehold (84 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Freehold, NJ / 84 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (24 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 19UDE2F7XNA001842
    Stock: P16800
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-22-2025

  • New Listing
    • 24,739 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 24 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Empire Buick GMC of White Plains (32 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in White Plains, NY / 32 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    White 2022 Acura ILX Technology & A-Spec Packages FWD 8-Speed Dual-Clutch 2.4L I4 DOHC i-VTEC 16V ABS brakes, Active Cruise Control, Alloy wheels, Com...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (24 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 19UDE2F81NA007392
    Stock: U3862I
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-15-2025

    • 73,026 miles
    • Frame damage reported, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 24 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • US Auto Network (61 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Staten Island, NY / 61 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    REAL PRICE!* WE DON'T CHARGE DEALER FEE, DOCK FEE OR ANY OTHER FEES!!** WE DO DMV NEW YORK PLATES AND REGISTRATION ON SPOT. NO NEED TO GO to DMV! CLEA...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: Yes

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (24 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 19UDE2F76LA004427
    Stock: 004427
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-19-2025

  • New Listing
    • 35,529 miles
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Heated Seats
    • Moon Roof
    • Blind-Spot Informati...
    • Keyless Entry
    • Adaptive Cruise Cont...
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 2,534 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 19UDE2F77LA008602
    Stock: 2003761909
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-04-2025

  • New Listing
    $16,599
    great price
    $3,059 below market
    • 81,844 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 24 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Xclusive Wholesale Gallery LLC (64 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Elizabeth, NJ / 64 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (24 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 19UDE2F85KA003955
    Stock: KA003955
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 75,845 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 24 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Universal Autos (39 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Bellmore, NY / 39 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    Welcome to MY UNIVERSAL AUTOS! We take great pride in providing top-quality vehicles and exceptional service. We carry a diverse range of cars, miniva...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (24 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 19UDE2F79NA004439
    Stock: 004439
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-17-2025

    • 57,920 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 24 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Drive Auto Boutique (66 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Union, NJ / 66 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (24 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 19UDE2F38NA004316
    Stock: 004316
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-19-2025

  • Price Drop
    $10,597
    great price
    $2,459 below market
    • 147,243 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 24 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Blasius Preowned Auto Sales (28 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Waterbury, CT / 28 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (24 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 19UDE2F70KA014515
    Stock: U9195A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-08-2025

  • $18,888
    good price
    $2,549 below market
    • 44,017 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 24 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Island Acura (38 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Wantagh, NY / 38 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    Welcome to Island Acura. We are a family owned dealership and pride ourselves in being 100% Transparent. We do not charge you thousands of dollars in ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (24 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 19UDE2F71KA008254
    Stock: U3043T
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-12-2025

  • $19,199
    good price
    $1,185 below market
    • 66,257 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 24 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Open Road Acura of Wayne (58 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Wayne, NJ / 58 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    Acura Certified, LOW MILES - 66,257! EPA 34 MPG Hwy/24 MPG City! Heated Leather Seats, Sunroof, Dual Zone A/C, Keyless Start, CD Player, Bluetooth , ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (24 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 19UDE2F72KA007422
    Stock: 36357LCA
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-30-2025

  • $16,995
    good price
    $1,847 below market
    • 56,891 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 24 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Queens Auto Expo (47 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Woodside, NY / 47 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    2019 Acura ILX Sedan Fully Loaded | 56,891 Miles | Clean Title | Fully Serviced | Carfax Buyback Guarantee | Available Now at Queens Auto Expo Present...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (24 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 19UDE2F34KA002574
    Stock: C56891
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-28-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 90,654 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 25 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Spot (51 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Wood-Ridge, NJ / 51 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    Price includes all costs to be paid by consumer, except for licensing costs, registration fees, retail package, title and taxes. Any monetary discount...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: Yes

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 19UDE2F37HA013609
    Stock: 013609-9
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $17,995
    good price
    $2,385 below market
    • 57,769 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 24 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Acura of Huntington (27 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Huntington, NY / 27 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    This Acura ILX Base, with a 2.4L I4 DOHC i-VTEC 16V engine, features a 8-Speed Dual-Clutch transmission, and generates 34 highway/24 city MPG. Find th...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (24 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 19UDE2F3XKA000182
    Stock: UA2034
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-23-2025

  • New Listing
    $15,800
    fair price
    $144 below market
    • 70,859 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 25 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • Empire Chevrolet of Huntington (25 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Huntington, NY / 25 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 19UDE2F33HA006396
    Stock: U16873T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-22-2025

    • 51,699 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 24 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Reliable Auto Sales Peekskill (38 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Peekskill, NY / 38 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: Yes

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (24 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 19UDE2F39KA009150
    Stock: 3961
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-21-2024

  • Photos not available
    $20,599
    fair price
    $528 below market
    • 35,027 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 24 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Acura of Westchester (34 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Larchmont, NY / 34 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (24 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 19UDE2F72KA002656
    Stock: U20521
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-19-2025

Showing 127 - 147 out of 271 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Acura ILX

Read recent reviews for the Acura ILX
Overall Consumer Rating
4.2 out of 5 stars27 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 27 reviews
  • 5 star
    (67%)
  • 4 star
    (11%)
  • 3 star
    (4%)
  • 2 star
    (11%)
  • 1 star
    (7%)
5 out of 5 stars

2020 ILX an Incredible Vehicle

Rob, 05/14/2020
2020 Acura ILX Technology and A-SPEC Packages 4dr Sedan (2.4L 4cyl 8AM)
Before purchasing this car, I did a TON of reading both professional and consumer reviews as well as watching YouTube review videos. Some professional reviewers get behind the wheel, floor the gas pedal, and then say it's noisy and not fast enough. But the truth is most drivers don't floor the gas in everyday driving. For a driver like myself going to work every day in a normal commute I … found the car to be very quick and it also gives a quiet ride! The transmission and engine work very well together for an incredibly smooth driving experience, and both have proven long term reliability. The styling is great, and the fit and finish is quality. It's a very solid feeling car and mine has absolutely no squeaks or rattles. The ELS stereo system with surround sound blows me away and it's the best sound system I've ever heard in a car. The lower touch screen is solely dedicated to the sound system with integrated pandora capability as well as XM radio. The upper screen is dedicated to navigation as well as apple car play and android auto. Reviewers like to complain about the dual screen set up, but I think it's great! My one and only complaint about this car is that the navigation is very dated looking, but hey it works well anyway. The best part about this car is no doubt the value for the money. Compare it to other premium brands and you will pay thousands more, and you really cannot compared it to a non premium model such as a civic because it's truly a cut above in fit and finish. In a way it's in a class all by itself. Also great is that the cost of repair and normal maintenance is nowhere near what you will pay for other premium brands. So all in all I know I made a great decision in buying the ILX and look forward to driving this fun car for many years to come.
Report abuse

Used 2022 Acura ILX in Bridgeport, CT Values

Estimated values
2022 Acura ILX 4dr Sedan w/Premium and A-Spec Packages (2.4L 4cyl 8AM) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$16,365$17,285$18,247
Clean$16,091$16,977$17,900
Average$15,635$16,462$17,323
Rough$15,042$15,793$16,572

The average list price of a used 2022 Acura ILX in Bridgeport, Connecticut is $18,784. The average mileage on a used Acura ILX 2022 for sale in Bridgeport, Connecticut is 64,519. Based on the average mileage of 64,519 for used 2022 Acura ILX for sale in Bridgeport, CT and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Acura ILX 2022 in Bridgeport, Connecticut to be $15,635.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.