Your Privacy

By accessing this website, you acknowledge that Edmunds and its third-party business partners may use cookies, pixels, and similar technologies to collect information about you and your interactions with the website as described in our Privacy Statement; and you agree that your use of the website is subject to our Visitor Agreement.
Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
50 listings
  • $18,297
    fair price
    $286 above market
    • 65,001 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 55 City / 54 Hwy MPG
    • Hayward Mitsubishi (62 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Hayward, CA / 62 miles away from Modesto, CA

    2020 Hyundai Ioniq Hybrid SEL Ceramic White FWD 6-Speed EcoShift Dual Clutch I4I4, 4-Wheel Disc Brakes, 6 Speakers, ABS brakes, Air Conditioning, Al...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    55 Combined MPG (55 City/54 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMHC85LC4LU231985
    Stock: 26937
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-20-2024

  • New Listing
    • 67,383 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 55 City / 54 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Capitol Expressway (58 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in San Jose, CA / 58 miles away from Modesto, CA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    55 Combined MPG (55 City/54 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMHC75LCXLU241441
    Stock: 27189668
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 71,761 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 57 City / 59 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Pleasant Hill (65 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Pleasant Hill, CA / 65 miles away from Modesto, CA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    58 Combined MPG (57 City/59 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMHC65LC9LU186905
    Stock: 26505303
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 62,993 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 57 City / 59 Hwy MPG
    • Drivetime of Reno (140 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Reno, NV / 140 miles away from Modesto, CA

    Shop at DriveTime: Get started on your personalized car-buying journey today. With no credit impact, you can get approved for your real, personalized ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    58 Combined MPG (57 City/59 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMHC65LC6LU241665
    Stock: 1070093086
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-27-2025

  • Stock photo**
    • 29,449 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 55 City / 54 Hwy MPG
    • Thurston Auto Plaza Chevrolet (161 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Ukiah, CA / 161 miles away from Modesto, CA

    SCARLET RED PEARL exterior and BLACK interior. Heated Leather Seats, Navigation, Moonroof, Satellite Radio, Hybrid, Premium Sound System, Aluminum Whe...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    55 Combined MPG (55 City/54 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMHC05LC2LU234990
    Stock: 8342P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-06-2025

  • $14,497
    fair price
    $450 above market
    • 88,683 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 55 City / 54 Hwy MPG
    • Hayward Mitsubishi (62 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Hayward, CA / 62 miles away from Modesto, CA

    2019 Hyundai Ioniq Hybrid SEL Ceramic White FWD 6-Speed EcoShift Dual Clutch 1.6L I4 DGI Hybrid DOHC 16V LEV3-SULEV301.6L I4 DGI Hybrid DOHC 16V LEV...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    55 Combined MPG (55 City/54 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMHC75LC3KU136917
    Stock: 26800
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-20-2024

  • New Listing
    • 68,185 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 57 City / 59 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Sacramento/Roseville (76 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Roseville, CA / 76 miles away from Modesto, CA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    58 Combined MPG (57 City/59 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMHC65LC6KU131293
    Stock: 26150254
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $14,811
    good price
    $2,757 below market
    • 47,000 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 55 City / 54 Hwy MPG
    • Prestige Auto USA (192 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Bakersfield, CA / 192 miles away from Modesto, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    55 Combined MPG (55 City/54 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMHC75LC5LU235000
    Stock: 23500000
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-24-2025

  • $14,998
    fair price
    $887 below market
    • 73,000 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 55 City / 54 Hwy MPG
    • Choice Auto N' Truck (69 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 69 miles away from Modesto, CA

    Hyundai makes a good value proposition even better with the refreshed 2020 Ioniq Hybrid, adding updated technology and safety features to this afforda...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    55 Combined MPG (55 City/54 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMHC75LC5LU189703
    Stock: 12467
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-03-2025

  • New Listing
    $16,932
    good price
    $795 below market
    • 67,811 miles
    • 55 City / 54 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Troy, MI / 2,007 miles away from Modesto, CA

    High Demand,Rare Find,Green Vehicle,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Lane Keeping Ass...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    55 Combined MPG (55 City/54 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMHC85LC2LU197321
    Stock: LU197321TA
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 34,769 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 55 City / 54 Hwy MPG
    • Volkswagen of Fairfield (73 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Fairfield, CA / 73 miles away from Modesto, CA

    2020 Hyundai Ioniq Limited HatchbackColor: BlackOdometer: 34,732 milesMPG: 55 city / 54 highwayEngine: 1.6L 4-cylinder GDI KAPPA with 104 horsepowerDr...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    55 Combined MPG (55 City/54 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMHC05LC0LU234826
    Stock: 25VP1357
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-26-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 85,154 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 57 City / 59 Hwy MPG
    • Audi Napa Valley (73 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Fairfield, CA / 73 miles away from Modesto, CA

    Welcome to Audi Napa ValleyWhether you are buying a new or pre-owned vehicle with Audi Napa Valley, we promise to deliver an exemplary experience you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    58 Combined MPG (57 City/59 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMHC65LC9LU214900
    Stock: 25AP1305
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-25-2025

    • 65,120 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 55 City / 54 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to CA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in El Paso, TX / 925 miles away from Modesto, CA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    55 Combined MPG (55 City/54 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMHC75LCXLU201683
    Stock: 26442029
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 50,770 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 57 City / 59 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 1,743 miles away from Modesto, CA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    58 Combined MPG (57 City/59 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMHC65LC3LU229540
    Stock: 2003769489
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-28-2025

  • New Listing
    • 26,646 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 54 City / 57 Hwy MPG
    • Corwin Ford (140 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Reno, NV / 140 miles away from Modesto, CA

    Recent Arrival! Available at Corwin Ford Reno located at 11111 South Virginia St.2022 Hyundai Ioniq Hybrid SE FWD I4 Ceramic WhiteSee us today at Corw...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    55 Combined MPG (54 City/57 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMHC75LCXNU270876
    Stock: 6270876
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-30-2025

    • 41,590 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 54 City / 57 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Reno (137 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Reno, NV / 137 miles away from Modesto, CA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    55 Combined MPG (54 City/57 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMHC05LC8NU277507
    Stock: 27420415
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 7,980 miles
    • 57 City / 59 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from SC to CA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Columbia, SC / 2,226 miles away from Modesto, CA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    58 Combined MPG (57 City/59 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMHC65LC3LU212513
    Stock: 26942347
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 57,452 miles
    • 55 City / 54 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from AZ to CA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Tucson, AZ / 675 miles away from Modesto, CA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    55 Combined MPG (55 City/54 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMHC75LC5LU212137
    Stock: 27261296
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $17,987
    fair price
    $1,170 below market
    • 85,120 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 55 City / 54 Hwy MPG
    • Blackstone Toyota (87 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Fresno, CA / 87 miles away from Modesto, CA

    The 2021 Hyundai Ioniq Hybrid Limited delivers outstanding fuel efficiency with up to 55+ MPG combined, making it an excellent choice for eco-consciou...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    55 Combined MPG (55 City/54 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMHC05LC3MU253923
    Stock: U00769
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-18-2025

  • $9,999
    good price
    $1,356 below market
    • 116,729 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 57 City / 59 Hwy MPG
    • Crown Vic Auto Sales (61 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in San Jose, CA / 61 miles away from Modesto, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    58 Combined MPG (57 City/59 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMHC65LC5KU111584
    Stock: 833
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $8,995
    fair price
    $498 below market
    • 145,815 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 57 City / 59 Hwy MPG
    • Cars To Go (69 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 69 miles away from Modesto, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    58 Combined MPG (57 City/59 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMHC65LC7KU179868
    Stock: 179868
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-01-2025

Showing 1 - 21 out of 50 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Hyundai Ioniq Hybrid

Read recent reviews for the Hyundai Ioniq Hybrid
Overall Consumer Rating
4 out of 5 stars31 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 31 reviews
  • 5 star
    (42%)
  • 4 star
    (35%)
  • 3 star
    (10%)
  • 2 star
    (3%)
  • 1 star
    (10%)
4 out of 5 stars

High value, High Tech, Low-medium Price

Mike, 03/28/2019
2019 Hyundai Ioniq Hybrid SEL 4dr Hatchback (1.6L 4cyl gas/electric hybrid 6AM)
Has a smooth but by-design hybrid acceleration (which is spongy and sluggish unless you really get aggressive with the pedal). This is somewhat mitigated by the sport mode, which is an on-the-fly shift on/off while in "D" (drive gear). The cockpit is low to the ground, so you must lift yourself out of it, but not too low. Folks with back injuries might have difficulty. The tech … package is amazing for the price point on the Ioniq SEL. Cruise control is very advanced + lane assist + radar-guided collision detection and follow distance from the cars in front of you + back up camera + passing car detection + other stuff. I think the stock audio system is exceptional and tuned to the cab, if not slightly bass-heavy--or you can go to the Limited and get the Infinity 8-speaker as an option. I'm loving the Apple CarPlay integration. Split HVAC is great, and can switch to driver-side only for greater fuel efficiency. The driver and front passenger have cavernous leg room! Visually, the car is sedan-average-looking in my opinion, but looks way better than the Prius. The ride is very car-like compared to an SUV. You feel the road when it's rough, but on a nice road--smooth as glass. I recommend purchasing WeatherTech fitted all-weather floor and cargo mats, and I'm thinking about custom alloy spoke wheels to dress it up a little.
Report abuse

Used 2020 Hyundai Ioniq Hybrid in Modesto, CA Values

Estimated values
2020 Hyundai Ioniq Hybrid SEL 4dr Hatchback (1.6L 4cyl gas/electric hybrid 6AM) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$14,091$15,668$17,194
Clean$13,778$15,304$16,777
Average$13,257$14,698$16,084
Rough$12,579$13,910$15,181

The average list price of a used 2020 Hyundai Ioniq Hybrid in Modesto, California is $17,068. The average mileage on a used Hyundai Ioniq Hybrid 2020 for sale in Modesto, California is 64,686. Based on the average mileage of 64,686 for used 2020 Hyundai Ioniq Hybrid for sale in Modesto, CA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Hyundai Ioniq Hybrid 2020 in Modesto, California to be $13,257.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.