Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
621 listings
  • $9,495
    fair price
    $683 below market
    • 97,412 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Certified Auto Sales (17 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Upland, CA / 17 miles away from Riverside, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: ZACCJABT1FPC00704
    Stock: C00704
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-28-2024

  • $11,995
    fair price
    $603 below market
    • 76,020 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats
    • Modern Auto Sales (86 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in San Diego, CA / 86 miles away from Riverside, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: ZACCJABT8FPC37197
    Stock: 730
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-03-2024

  • Price Drop
    $9,975
    fair price
    $884 below market
    • 99,770 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • Euclid Auto Sale (18 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Upland, CA / 18 miles away from Riverside, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: ZACCJABT1FPB44599
    Stock: 1072
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $10,701
    fair price
    $795 below market
    • 104,566 miles
    • 2 accidents, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats
    • Driveway (37 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Costa Mesa, CA / 37 miles away from Riverside, CA

    Rare Find,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Keyless Start,Satellite Radio,Power Door Locks,Satellite Radio,Brake Assist,Floor Mats,Front Wheel Dri...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: ZACCJABB9HPE57135
    Stock: HPE57135P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $10,995
    fair price
    $176 below market
    • 108,009 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Hs Cars Indo (68 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Indio, CA / 68 miles away from Riverside, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: ZACCJBCT0FPC25226
    Stock: 15481
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-27-2025

  • $8,900
    fair price
    $12 below market
    • 138,562 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • Gage Auto Square (50 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Los Angeles, CA / 50 miles away from Riverside, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: ZACCJBBT3FPC27862
    Stock: C27862
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-17-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $8,495
    fair price
    $1,207 below market
    • 91,069 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG, Manual
    • Prime Motors Direct (39 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Whittier, CA / 39 miles away from Riverside, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: ZACCJABH9FPC16399
    Stock: 1544
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-12-2024

  • Price Drop
    $14,743
    fair price
    $390 above market
    • 64,593 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • Garden Grove Kia (35 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Garden Grove, CA / 35 miles away from Riverside, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: ZACCJABB4HPE82878
    Stock: 25K65083B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-02-2025

  • Photos not available
    $9,995
    fair price
    $458 below market
    • 118,779 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Sellers (87 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in San Diego, CA / 87 miles away from Riverside, CA

    Leather loaded. Looks and drives great. Priced to sell. Financing is are specialty. Bad credit, No credit, No problem. Warranty available. Trades welc...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: ZACCJBDT3FPC00223
    Stock: C00223
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-19-2025

  • $9,995
    fair price
    $515 above market
    • 110,492 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • VIP Autos (27 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Hemet, CA / 27 miles away from Riverside, CA

    Boasting legendary Jeep capability, our 2015 Jeep Renegade Latitude presented in Black lets you take adventures in elevated style! Powered by a 2.4 Li...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: ZACCJABT9FPB21510
    Stock: 13429
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-12-2025

  • New Listing
    • 84,023 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 1,189 miles away from Riverside, CA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: ZACCJBDT6FPC13662
    Stock: 2003837012
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-25-2025

  • New Listing
    • 84,269 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from FL to CA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Upgraded Engine
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Fort Myers, FL / 2,168 miles away from Riverside, CA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: ZACCJAAT3FPC02536
    Stock: 26958897
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $9,377
    fair price
    $57 below market
    • 108,009 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Bahia Auto Sales (96 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Chula Vista, CA / 96 miles away from Riverside, CA

    This sleek 2015 Jeep Renegade is as fresh as a snowy winter morning, with its clean white exterior gleaming like freshly fallen snow. This sporty SUV ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: ZACCJABT4FPC20073
    Stock: 250601
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $10,995
    fair price
    $59 above market
    • 98,044 miles
    • 1 accident, 4 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG, Manual
    • Quality 1 Auto (33 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Anaheim, CA / 33 miles away from Riverside, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: ZACCJAAH9FPB79520
    Stock: B79520
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-20-2025

  • Stock photo**
    $12,999
    fair price
    $383 below market
    • 89,312 miles
    • 2 accidents, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • East County Preowned Superstore (86 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in El Cajon, CA / 86 miles away from Riverside, CA

    4D Sport Utility Trailhawk 2.4L I4 MultiAir 4WD 9-Speed 948TE Automatic Alpine White Odometer is 7068 miles below market average! 21/29 City/Highway M...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: ZACCJBCB4HPE52445
    Stock: 250036A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-19-2025

  • New Listing
    $9,795
    fair price
    $425 above market
    • 115,500 miles
    • 5 Seats
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Pittsburgh, PA / 2,086 miles away from Riverside, CA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Rare Find,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless Start,Remote St...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: ZACCJBBT8FPB88203
    Stock: SB88203A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 25,477 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 1,189 miles away from Riverside, CA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: ZACCJABT8FPC28774
    Stock: 2003721143
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-09-2025

  • Price Drop
    $13,688
    fair price
    $848 above market
    • 84,212 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Toyota of Huntington Beach (41 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Huntington Beach, CA / 41 miles away from Riverside, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: ZACCJBCB6HPG47835
    Stock: 0723154A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-05-2025

    • 29,554 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 1,880 miles away from Riverside, CA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: ZACCJABT2FPB93214
    Stock: 2003712192
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-06-2025

    • 129,500 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Pacifico Auto Sales (34 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Santa Ana, CA / 34 miles away from Riverside, CA

    The front windshield is in excellent condition. The paint is in great shape and condition. The interior was well maintained and is extra clean. The ex...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: ZACCJAAT8FPC09451
    Stock: C09451
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-26-2024

    • 37,062 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 1,760 miles away from Riverside, CA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: ZACCJABT0FPB66007
    Stock: 2003744082
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-23-2025

Showing 22 - 42 out of 621 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Jeep Renegade

Read recent reviews for the Jeep Renegade
Overall Consumer Rating
3.3 out of 5 stars140 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 140 reviews
  • 5 star
    (32%)
  • 4 star
    (20%)
  • 3 star
    (12%)
  • 2 star
    (15%)
  • 1 star
    (21%)
3 out of 5 stars

Renegade is Cute but Loaded with Problems

Brett West, 04/22/2016
2015 Jeep Renegade Sport 4dr SUV 4WD (1.4L 4cyl Turbo 6M)
We have just over 13k miles now on our 2015 Renegade Sport 4x4 with the 2.4 liter engine and the 9 speed auto tranny. It had quality issues from the start and we simply do not have much faith in it. We also own a 2008 Jeep Commander that has been an excellent vehicle both on and off road. Our Renegade has suffered from wind noise at the driver's door since new. The transmission is … sluggish. It has randomly died in traffic for no reason (guessing electronic issues). The door locks work most of the time but not always. The brakes squeal when moving at slow speeds or in reverse. Since it is built by Fiat in Italy, parts take forever to get if they are available at all. It is a cute little car but not one I would really recommend to someone who hasn't bought yet. The Renegade is more Fiat than it is Jeep in my opinion. I would be very hesitant to take it out into the mountains of Colorado (where we go in our Commander) for fear that it might not get us back out. If you want a Jeep, go with a Wrangler or maybe a Cherokee. I would recommend passing on the Renegade...I would if I had it to do over again. Update: Now at 19.5k miles, our Renegade is in the shop for the 4th time with continuing wind noise and window/door trim issues. The dealer appears to finally be taking it seriously now that we have opened a case with FCA and are discussing our options with a lemon law attorney. If they fail to repair it this time, we may file it as a lemon and see if we can force FCA to buy it back. We would trade out of the Renegade into a Wrangler in a heartbeat if the dealer would give us what is owed on it. Unfortunately that is likely going to require legal action. If you are considering the Renegade, I would encourage you to seriously reconsider and go with an actual Jeep and not what is in reality a Fiat. The Renegade is cute to look at but it is poor quality and riddled with problems. Update: Now at 27.5k miles. After last update, and a total of 7 times in service, the dealer finally figured out that the driver's side window was malformed/warped and that was causing all the wind noise/trim issues in the driver's side front door. They replaced the window and the wind noise was solved. No other major issues to report. Upgrading our star rating to a 3. Wish we had a Jeep dealer within 50 miles that knew the definition of customer service. Our local GMC/Chevy dealer (which is absolutely outstanding) takes care of most of our maintenance needs now. Update: 40k miles now and we are out of warranty. Fingers crossed. Not much new to report other than the radio has issues periodically. To reset it we have to disconnect a battery cable. Just one more quirky thing on the 2015 Renegade.
Report abuse

Used 2015 Jeep Renegade in Riverside, CA Values

Estimated values
2015 Jeep Renegade Latitude 4dr SUV (2.4L 4cyl 9A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$6,248$8,997$10,826
Clean$5,923$8,498$10,190
Average$5,382$7,667$9,129
Rough$4,679$6,587$7,750

The average list price of a used 2015 Jeep Renegade in Riverside, California is $12,228. The average mileage on a used Jeep Renegade 2015 for sale in Riverside, California is 90,202. Based on the average mileage of 90,202 for used 2015 Jeep Renegade for sale in Riverside, CA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Jeep Renegade 2015 in Riverside, California to be $5,382.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.