Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
107 listings
  • $12,225
    fair price
    $357 below market
    • 81,991 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Carworld (217 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Hawthorne, CA / 217 miles away from Fresno, CA

    SPECIAL WE'RE THANKFUL FOR YOU! We're saying Happy Holidays with a special thank you gift: $1,000 TRADE-IN CREDIT Receive a minimum $1,000 credit towa...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JH4CU2F64CC018074
    Stock: C018074
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-08-2025

  • Stock photo**
    $11,777
    fair price
    $347 above market
    • 105,625 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • M & S Auto (152 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 152 miles away from Fresno, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JH4CU2F67CC005044
    Stock: A41079
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-21-2025

  • New Listing
    $11,497
    fair price
    $469 above market
    • 113,885 miles
    • 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (242 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Tustin, CA / 242 miles away from Fresno, CA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Rare Find,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Leather Seats,Navigation System,Premium Sound...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JH4CU2F67CC023320
    Stock: CC023320A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $10,495
    fair price
    $567 below market
    • 113,196 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Sky Rise Kingdom (239 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Corona, CA / 239 miles away from Fresno, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JH4CU2F67CC005660
    Stock: 005660
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $9,900
    fair price
    $17 below market
    • 124,867 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Prestegui Auto Sales (491 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 491 miles away from Fresno, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JH4CU2F44CC014721
    Stock: 014721
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $11,250
    fair price
    $81 above market
    • 110,987 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Dollar Bill Auto Sales (45 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Visalia, CA / 45 miles away from Fresno, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JH4CU2F67CC008770
    Stock: 8244
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $9,555
    fair price
    $105 below market
    • 140,395 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (2 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Fresno, CA / 2 miles away from Fresno, CA

    High Demand,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Leather Seats,Navigation System,Premium Sound,Satellite Radio,Sunroof / Moonroof,5-Spee...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JH4CU2F67DC001450
    Stock: DC001450PX
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $16,998
    fair price
    $949 above market
    • 59,645 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Serramonte (158 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Colma, CA / 158 miles away from Fresno, CA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JH4CU2F68DC011162
    Stock: 27514489
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $9,695
    fair price
    $915 below market
    • 117,417 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • High Class Auto Sales (145 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Rancho Cordova, CA / 145 miles away from Fresno, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JH4CU2F64BC010278
    Stock: 010278
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $9,999
    fair price
    $608 below market
    • 100,184 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use
    • 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Crown Auto Gallery (239 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Corona, CA / 239 miles away from Fresno, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JH4CU2F69BC012396
    Stock: 012396
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 145,421 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • A1 Carz Inc (147 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 147 miles away from Fresno, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JH4CU2F62DC001288
    Stock: 001288
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $8,995
    good price
    $756 below market
    • 140,106 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • New City Auto Corp (215 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in South El Monte, CA / 215 miles away from Fresno, CA

    2012 ACURA TSX, 2.4L 4 CYLINDER ENGINE, 5 SPEED AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION, TITLE: CLEAN, 140,106 MILES, TECH PACAKGE, NAVIGATION, BACK UP CAMERA, FRONT W...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JH4CU2F69CC012903
    Stock: 012903
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-29-2025

  • $10,550
    good price
    $1,046 below market
    • 102,230 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Apex Autonet (212 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Alhambra, CA / 212 miles away from Fresno, CA

    NO hidden fees! NO dealer accessories markup!*** Well maintained! Clean car inside and out *** No Accident! CLEAN CARFAX! Guaranteed CLEAN TITLE *** *...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JH4CU2F6XCC007323
    Stock: APEX25472
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-07-2025

    • 70,989 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Los Angeles (214 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Los Angeles, CA / 214 miles away from Fresno, CA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JH4CU2F40EC003069
    Stock: 2003871806
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-04-2025

    • 177,175 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Grace Motors (103 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Manteca, CA / 103 miles away from Fresno, CA

    New Arrival, For more info; please visit our Website: Gracemotors.us , give us a call @ 2**-8**-2***, or please feel free to stop by for a test drive ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JH4CU2F6XCC028950
    Stock: 028950
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-15-2025

  • New Listing
    • 146,000 miles
    • Frame damage reported, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Valley Auto Center (491 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 491 miles away from Fresno, CA

    Selling 2012 Acura TSX: -Clean Title -146k Miles -Air Conditioning -Alloy Wheels -AM/FM -Anti-Lock Brakes -CD -Child Safety Door Locks -Cruise Control...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: Yes

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JH4CU2F47CC009352
    Stock: 009352
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-04-2024

  • New Listing
    • 39,745 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Heated Seats
    • Moon Roof
    • Keyless Entry
    • Bluetooth Wireless
    • Dual Power Seats
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 2,166 miles away from Fresno, CA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JH4CU2F67CC021101
    Stock: 2004010416
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-22-2025

    • 67,516 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Triple Crown Auto Sales (149 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Folsom, CA / 149 miles away from Fresno, CA

    More Info ROSEVILLE... THIS VEHICLE IS LOCATED AT OUR ROSEVILLE LOCATION. PLEASE CALL TO VERIFY BEFORE ARRIVING (9**)-7**-6***

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JH4CU2F68CC020510
    Stock: 35839
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-08-2025

    • 164,533 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Ramos Auto Sales (216 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Los Angeles, CA / 216 miles away from Fresno, CA

    ASK FOR Andrea *323*587*8513* RAMOS AUTO SALES TAKE IT HOME AS LITTLE AS $1500 DOWN ,IF YOU HAVE A FULL TIME JOB YOU ARE APPROVED!! BAD CREDIT,NO CRED...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JH4CU2F63CC028398
    Stock: 028398
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-03-2025

  • New Listing
    $8,595
    fair price
    $979 below market
    • 120,486 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 21 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Prime Time Auto (152 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 152 miles away from Fresno, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (21 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JH4CU2F62AC005630
    Stock: 005630
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 97,000 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Choice Auto N' Truck (151 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 151 miles away from Fresno, CA

    Impressive amount of standard features, spacious interior, advanced technology features, sporty handling in all versions, excellent build and material...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JH4CU2F63CC008197
    Stock: 008197
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-18-2025

Showing 1 - 21 out of 107 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Acura TSX

Read recent reviews for the Acura TSX
Overall Consumer Rating
4.6 out of 5 stars32 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 32 reviews
  • 5 star
    (69%)
  • 4 star
    (28%)
  • 3 star
    (3%)
  • 2 star
    (0%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
4 out of 5 stars

Good, sensible car

josevi, 02/23/2019
2012 Acura TSX Special Edition 4dr Sedan (2.4L 4cyl 5A)
I have owned a Special Edition 2012 TSX since new. The black on black car looks sharp, inside and out. Coming from a headache-inducing 02 Jetta, I went to Acura based on its reliability reputation (which, I see, has changed for the worse as of late). The car has not disappointed on that end. It was affected by the Tanaka airbag recall, and my dealership took care of it speadily. … There was a piece of trim that was a little loose and, that too, was taken care of to my complete satisfaction. Less impressive is, however, my dealership inability to replicate an intermitent problem that the car has had with its power lock master switch for a while until, of course, it was no longer under warranty. Lesson learned for the future and I will take of this myself. After six and a half years, the heating is presenting an intermittent issue. I'd rather it did not, but I think this number of issues is more than adequate in a car that is over six years old and serves in Chicago. If you are thinking of buying one second hand, go for it. It is extremely comfortable, and well put together. After a long road trip, you will arrive to your destination in quite good shape - the front seats are armchair-like, with just the right amount of firmness and hold (they are nicely heated too, although a mid setting would be great). It is reasonably quiet inside, with muted road noise. The trunk is spacious and you have enough interior storage. I suspect that the Bluetooth is not amongst the sharpest out there, but it does the job. The sound system is quite good and the dual zone climate works very well. The interior (I choose cars from the inside out, as the interior is the part of the car you see most) is very well put together, and has a very clean and rational layout. The only problem I have with it is that the paddle shifters (which, incidentally, I never use) can get in the way of seeing some controls (windshield wiper and light settings). The car has a sporty stance and, indeed, it is powerful enough but it is not a 3 series. Mine is equipped with the 4 cylinder engine (6 cyl. and Honda automatics? No, thanks) and it is responsive in most situations. If you want to take it to the track, this is not the car for you, but you will be just fine in the highway. My favorite part of its driving behavior is its steering. I find it responsive and quick. Summing up: very good all-around car. It will take you to work in comfort and allow you to go on longer trips comfortably. It is quite reliable and fairly economical to run -apart from the general maintenance and the two issues above I will be taking care of soon, it has only needed some brake work (it is, at the end of the day, a Honda). Premium fuel is recommended, but you can run it on regular. Thanks for your time.
Report abuse

Used 2012 Acura TSX in Fresno, CA Values

Estimated values
2012 Acura TSX Technology Package 4dr Sedan (2.4L 4cyl 5A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$5,209$8,366$10,181
Clean$4,945$7,898$9,560
Average$4,505$7,119$8,525
Rough$3,934$6,105$7,180

The average list price of a used 2012 Acura TSX in Fresno, California is $11,571. The average mileage on a used Acura TSX 2012 for sale in Fresno, California is 111,400. Based on the average mileage of 111,400 for used 2012 Acura TSX for sale in Fresno, CA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Acura TSX 2012 in Fresno, California to be $4,505.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.