Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
9,517 listings
  • New Listing
    $16,998
    fair price
    $620 above market
    • 38,855 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 26 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Cool Springs (399 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Franklin, TN / 399 miles away from Ocean Springs, MS

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1AT2MT7EC763792
    Stock: 27067919
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $6,999
    fair price
    $131 above market
    • 96,462 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Atlanta Auto Brokers Cartersville (351 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Cartersville, GA / 351 miles away from Ocean Springs, MS

    23/28 City/Highway MPG Odometer is 38014 miles below market average!Brilliant Silver Metallic 2012 Nissan Rogue S 2.5L I4 DOHC 16V CVT 4D Sport Utilit...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AS5MT9CW267577
    Stock: CA1677
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-23-2025

  • Price Drop
    $11,599
    fair price
    $716 above market
    • 121,563 miles
    • 1 accident, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 26 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Gainesville (392 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Gainesville, FL / 392 miles away from Ocean Springs, MS

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1AT2MT0EC771104
    Stock: 27186907
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $7,450
    fair price
    $364 above market
    • 130,975 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • F & R Automotive (425 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, FL / 425 miles away from Ocean Springs, MS

    Great Condition 2 Owner 2012 Nissan Rogue SL AWD Just 130K Miles 2.5L 4 Cylinder/Automatic Transmission, All Wheel Drive, 20+ CARFAX Service Records, ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AS5MV7CW362494
    Stock: 362494
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-01-2025

  • $7,990
    fair price
    $57 above market
    • 105,708 miles
    • 1 accident, 4 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Jax Auto Wholesale Inc. (420 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, FL / 420 miles away from Ocean Springs, MS

    This Rogue is ready and waiting for you to take it home today. If you are looking for a great low mileage Rogue, you can't go wrong with this one. Bui...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AS5MT2CW277822
    Stock: 77822
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-02-2025

    • 124,000 miles
    • Rebuilt vehicle reported, 5 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Steeco Motors (419 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 419 miles away from Ocean Springs, MS

    Automatic transmission. Cold AC. Rebuilt title. Clean body. Clean interior. No known issues. Runs and drives good. 80 vehicles in stock under $4000. 8...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AS5MT2CW290926
    Stock: 290926
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-08-2025

  • New Listing
    • 124,138 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Pegasus Chrysler Dodge Jeep RAM (478 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Ennis, TX / 478 miles away from Ocean Springs, MS

    Recent Arrival! Low Mileage, Local Trade-In Vehicle.This 2012 Nissan Rogue SL in Platinum Graphite Metallic comes nicely equipped with the following f...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AS5MT2CW265704
    Stock: R250230B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-08-2025

  • New Listing
    • 76,169 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • AutoNation Volkswagen Mall Of Georgia (380 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Buford, GA / 380 miles away from Ocean Springs, MS

    [L93] Front/Rear Floor Mats & Cargo MatSplash Guards[C03] 50 State EmissionsGray; Seat TrimVenom Red PearlThis vehicle includes a Money-Back Gu...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AS5MT3AW028507
    Stock: AW028507
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-11-2025

    • 134,229 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Troy Automotive Group (207 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Montgomery, AL / 207 miles away from Ocean Springs, MS

    Super Black 2012 Nissan Rogue SL FWD 2.5L I4 DOHC 16V CVTFinancing Available---Top Value for Trades.23/28 City/Highway MPG

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AS5MT9CW283407
    Stock: 283407
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-13-2025

  • New Listing
    • 67,455 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Dallas (496 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 496 miles away from Ocean Springs, MS

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1AT2MV9EC834802
    Stock: 2003687902
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-02-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 126,262 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 26 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Southlake (343 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Stockbridge, GA / 343 miles away from Ocean Springs, MS

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1AT2MT9EC850481
    Stock: 27361245
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $7,995
    great price
    $3,574 below market
    • 35,744 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • California Auto Sales (351 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Marietta, GA / 351 miles away from Ocean Springs, MS

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AS5MV6DW135251
    Stock: 135251
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-01-2024

    • 99,865 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 26 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Grainger Nissan (467 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Savannah, GA / 467 miles away from Ocean Springs, MS

    Third Row Seat, Smart Device Integration, Dual Zone A/C, Keyless Start, CD Player, Bluetooth®, Back-Up Camera, Satellite Radio, Aluminum Wheels, [S10]...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1AT2ML0EC858856
    Stock: NN12465A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-04-2025

    • 95,156 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 26 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Fort Myers DriveTime (498 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Fort Myers, FL / 498 miles away from Ocean Springs, MS

    Shop at DriveTime: Get started on your personalized car-buying journey today. With no credit impact, you can get approved for your real, personalized ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1AT2MT8EC752400
    Stock: 1060213958
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-14-2025

  • Stock photo**
    • 137,439 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Classic Kia of Texarkana (374 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Texarkana, TX / 374 miles away from Ocean Springs, MS

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AS5MT2CW279389
    Stock: T279389V
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-31-2025

  • New Listing
    • 119,595 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 26 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Gulf Freeway (386 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 386 miles away from Ocean Springs, MS

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1AT2MT5EC803299
    Stock: 27481294
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 184,307 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Mart Used Cars (412 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Nashville, TN / 412 miles away from Ocean Springs, MS

    For over 60 years, we've aimed to improve the perception of what a buy-here-pay-here dealership can be. We only sell clean-title, non-rebuilt vehicles...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AS5MT8CW278683
    Stock: 18877
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-08-2025

    • 60,052 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Craft Auto Sales Llc (68 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Hattiesburg, MS / 68 miles away from Ocean Springs, MS

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AS5MTXCW261402
    Stock: 261402
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-17-2025

    • 141,236 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Right Price Auto TN (485 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Sevierville, TN / 485 miles away from Ocean Springs, MS

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AS5MT5CW613186
    Stock: 24RPAK034
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-14-2024

    • 86,939 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 26 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Mac Haik Ford Houston (405 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 405 miles away from Ocean Springs, MS

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1AT2MT5EC867035
    Stock: 242389A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-27-2025

    • 173,033 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • 865 Autos (476 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Knoxville, TN / 476 miles away from Ocean Springs, MS

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AS5MT5CW257113
    Stock: 257113T1
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-11-2025

Showing 64 - 84 out of 9,517 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Nissan Rogue

Read recent reviews for the Nissan Rogue
Overall Consumer Rating
3.5 out of 5 stars56 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 56 reviews
  • 5 star
    (45%)
  • 4 star
    (13%)
  • 3 star
    (14%)
  • 2 star
    (9%)
  • 1 star
    (20%)
2 out of 5 stars

At 60K miles I need a new transmission

Nupsie Exantus, 11/12/2015
2012 Nissan Rogue S 4dr SUV AWD (2.5L 4cyl CVT)
When i first started car searching for a pre owned car, my dream car was the Nissan Rogue...which was completely out of my price range. I was, at the time, looking for a 5k-8k car....after many failed attempts at purchasing a liable car, I decided to finance a car at Napoli Nissan in Milford CT. Of course, I purchased the Rogue. I was estatic! Loved my choice... A few months into it, it … was driving a little weird so I was told it may be my tires. I bought 4 Brand new tires....No big deal. Not long after, the weird feeling came back...brought it back to Napoli...they told me it was my TRANSMISSION....at this point my car only had about 60k miles....Napoli told me it would be costly and advised me to reach out to NISSAN Headquarters for support. MY NISSAN ROGUE IS A 2012 WITH 60K MILES. I reached out to Nissan on several occasion, asking for any financial support - I was turned down because my car was a few miles off of warranty and BECAUSE they said, I never brought my car to NAPOLI for any services... so I was not a "loyal customer' Sorry mam, there's nothing I can do. 25 year old female with a Nissan Rogue for about 6-7 months and in need of new TRANSMISSION... for the record, I got my new tires at NAPOLI, bought it back and left it on 2 different occasions for service needs but SHE CLAIMED i was not a "loyal customer" and therefor, could not be helped.... NISSAN used to be my dream car, not it's just a headache sitting in my sister's driveway because a new transmission will cost me about $3500... I work with under served High school students who read at a grade 3 or 4 level...$3500 is a lot of money that I do not have... especially when I just spent nearly $500 to get new brakes. I bought the car back to Napoli a 3rd time, begging for help...they told me all they could do is trade it in....I have student loans already...they trade in value was crap...they ran my credit 11 times without my permission and I left there with my car and no solution. I have no intention of going back to NAPOLI INDOORs nor do I ever plan on buying another Nissan after getting rid of this...thank you so much.
Report abuse
Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.