Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
155 listings
  • New Listing
    • 20,897 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MD to AZ*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Laurel, MD / 1,964 miles away from Apache Junction, AZ

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUFACF58MA025947
    Stock: 27450618
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 13,669 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 25 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MD to AZ*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in White Marsh, MD / 1,984 miles away from Apache Junction, AZ

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUABCF56MA038283
    Stock: 27472395
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 16,037 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 25 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NC to AZ*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Greensboro, NC / 1,803 miles away from Apache Junction, AZ

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUCBCF57MA033179
    Stock: 27447250
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 22,454 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 25 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 1,922 miles away from Apache Junction, AZ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUCBCF52MA017519
    Stock: 2003782986
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-03-2025

  • New Listing
    • 24,458 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automated manual
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 1,558 miles away from Apache Junction, AZ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUYAGF58MN006792
    Stock: 2003803602
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-07-2025

  • New Listing
    • 32,239 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from FL to AZ*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Doral, FL / 1,941 miles away from Apache Junction, AZ

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUFACF55MA050708
    Stock: 27360994
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 35,600 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Kansas City, MO / 1,024 miles away from Apache Junction, AZ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUFACF53MA054725
    Stock: 2003750182
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-24-2025

  • New Listing
    • 37,714 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 25 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from GA to AZ*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Norcross, GA / 1,572 miles away from Apache Junction, AZ

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUABCF54MA062209
    Stock: 27308113
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $33,000
    great price
    $2,706 below market
    • 18,862 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Tempe Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (22 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Tempe, AZ / 22 miles away from Apache Junction, AZ

    Mythos Black Metallic 2022 Audi A5 Sportback S Line quattro quattro 4D HatchbackCARFAX One-Owner. Odometer is 12478 miles below market average! 24/31 ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUFACF51NA024060
    Stock: SR12214A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-17-2025

  • $23,987
    great price
    $2,204 below market
    • 64,133 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Bell Road Mitsubishi (30 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 30 miles away from Apache Junction, AZ

    Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price!Bell Road Mitsubishi proudly offers this 2022 Mythos Black Metallic Audi A5 Sportback Premium AWD . It is well eq...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUDACF50NA008441
    Stock: B3087
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-26-2025

  • New Listing
    $27,998
    great price
    $2,409 below market
    • 41,140 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automated manual
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to AZ*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Pleasant Hill, CA / 666 miles away from Apache Junction, AZ

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUTAAF55NA015157
    Stock: 27029533
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 23,886 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 858 miles away from Apache Junction, AZ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUFACF5XNA040497
    Stock: 2003601439
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-23-2025

    • 9,019 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 24 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 1,639 miles away from Apache Junction, AZ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUFACF57RA046179
    Stock: 2003723599
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-13-2025

  • $33,990
    fair price
    $201 below market
    • 23,572 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 26 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 651 miles away from Apache Junction, AZ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUCBCF55NA030511
    Stock: 2003741287
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-28-2025

  • New Listing
    $45,990
    good price
    $1,189 below market
    • 19,874 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automated manual
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Miami, FL / 1,944 miles away from Apache Junction, AZ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAU4AGF55PN004047
    Stock: 2003778966
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-06-2025

    • 19,543 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 24 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from PA to AZ*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Mechanicsburg, PA / 1,956 miles away from Apache Junction, AZ

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUFACF52PA001163
    Stock: 26844485
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 27,851 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 24 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Las Vegas, NV / 277 miles away from Apache Junction, AZ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUFACF57RA023582
    Stock: 2003684833
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-08-2025

  • New Listing
    $31,998
    fair price
    $1,088 below market
    • 31,532 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 26 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from FL to AZ*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Gainesville, FL / 1,737 miles away from Apache Junction, AZ

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUCBCF57NA003925
    Stock: 27308304
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 42,715 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 24 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in East Hartford, CT / 2,188 miles away from Apache Junction, AZ

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUFACF51RA027109
    Stock: 8F1V9J
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-25-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 24,441 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 24 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 1,765 miles away from Apache Junction, AZ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUFACF55RA021071
    Stock: 2003712589
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-13-2025

    • 25,445 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 24 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to AZ*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in El Paso, TX / 328 miles away from Apache Junction, AZ

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUFACF58PA031347
    Stock: 27261137
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 106 - 126 out of 155 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Audi A5

Read recent reviews for the Audi A5
Overall Consumer Rating
4.2 out of 5 stars36 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 36 reviews
  • 5 star
    (53%)
  • 4 star
    (33%)
  • 3 star
    (8%)
  • 2 star
    (0%)
  • 1 star
    (6%)
4 out of 5 stars

A car you can Drive all year round

roadrunner42, 02/21/2014
2012 Audi A5 2.0T Premium quattro 2dr Convertible AWD (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 8A)
There are cars you ride in and cars you drive. This is a driver. Skip the FWD car with the CVT transmission. You want the quattro version with the magnificent ZF 8HP transmission. Car feels solid like a block of granite, with little wind noise. Over MPH in winter time is around 22-25 on premium fuel. Turbo motor feels like a v6 or larger car, with no turbo lag. Interior is nice and … heated seats are a must in cold climates, as is the back up camera, as the only thing you see out the back is the sky. B&O stereo is very nice but don't pass on the standard Audi stereo as that too sounds good Update 8/23/16 Still love the A5 but one has to wonder if the people who design these cars actually drive them. For instance the window drops down when you open the car. Know what happens in the winter when at work when it sleets out. The window freezes up and will not drop down so you can't open the door, or if you can open the door you can't close it. Of course remote start would help but Audi will not offer one even though VW does. Another thing, eighteen inch low profile tires. I'm on the third set in 20,000 miles. Hitting a pot hole rattles the fillings, and then you can expect side wall damage or an outright blowout. Does not matter what brand of tire either. Water pump failure at 30K would cost over $1000 if not under warranty. Crank case ventilation valve bad at 35K have to replace the entire valve cover, really? Yep. Warped brake rotors a 35K miles. I do love this car but, but when we went shopping for an SUV instead of buying an Q5 we purchased a Venza. 7 years in and this car is still tight and drives like a dream. Water pumps are a major issue on these cars. On number FOUR with less than 80,000 on the car. Audi has paid for them all but, a PLASTIC water pump, really Audi.
Report abuse
Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.