Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
423 listings
  • Price Drop
    $9,986
    great price
    $2,879 below market
    • 111,409 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Auffenberg Ford Belleville (29 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Belleville, IL / 29 miles away from Alton, IL

    2018 Nissan Rogue Sport SV Clean CARFAX.Blue FWD CVT with Xtronic 2.0L DOHC Four wheel independent suspension, Power driver seat, Remote keyless entr...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1BJ1CPXJW186362
    Stock: 1-23082BRCZ
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-22-2025

  • New Listing
    $18,999
    great price
    $1,452 below market
    • 51,891 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Napleton's Mid Rivers Chrysler Dodge Jeep RAM FIAT (24 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Saint Peters, MO / 24 miles away from Alton, IL

    Recent Arrival! CARFAX One-Owner. Scarlet Ember Pearl Metallic 2022 Nissan Rogue Sport SV FWD CVT with Xtronic 2.0L DOHC Clean CARFAX.Located a Napl...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1BJ1BV8NW349614
    Stock: CSTL16581
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-29-2025

  • New Listing
    $14,500
    good price
    $1,520 below market
    • 99,872 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Ed Napleton Honda St Peters (24 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Saint Peters, MO / 24 miles away from Alton, IL

    Recent Arrival! CARFAX One-Owner. Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price! Magnetic Black Pearl 2020 Nissan Rogue Sport SL 2.0L DOHC FWD Clean CARFAX.1...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1BJ1CV1LW253710
    Stock: H39959A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-28-2025

  • New Listing
    $11,599
    good price
    $1,038 below market
    • 105,541 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Auffenberg Mazda (26 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Shiloh, IL / 26 miles away from Alton, IL

    Recent Arrival! Clean CARFAX. 2019 Nissan Rogue Sport S 2.0L DOHC CVT with Xtronic FWD 4D Sport Utility Magnetic Black Pearl 25/32 City/Highway MPG Ba...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1BJ1CP8KW241330
    Stock: 11272NBBM
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-18-2025

  • Price Drop
    $14,580
    good price
    $1,099 below market
    • 81,802 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Napleton St. Louis Nissan (19 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    Close

    Located in Saint Louis, MO / 19 miles away from Alton, IL

    Recent Arrival! Magnetic Black Pearl 2020 Nissan Rogue Sport 4D Sport Utility S 2.0L DOHC FWD Clean CARFAX.This Rogue Sport is well equipped with 1...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1BJ1CV3LW549859
    Stock: PJD04353
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-18-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $16,950
    good price
    $789 below market
    • 79,795 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Dean Team Hyundai (29 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Ballwin, MO / 29 miles away from Alton, IL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1BJ1CW7LW372161
    Stock: 16208B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-30-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $18,995
    good price
    $712 below market
    • 35,795 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • St Charles Nissan (24 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Saint Peters, MO / 24 miles away from Alton, IL

    Recent Arrival! 2021 Nissan Rogue Sport SV Caspian Blue Metallic Nissan Certified Details: * 7 Year/100,000 Mile Limited Warranty, 24/7 Hour Roadsi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1BJ1BV6MW322801
    Stock: 204248-1
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 07-28-2025

  • Price Drop
    $16,247
    fair price
    $29 below market
    • 38,814 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Auffenberg Ford O'Fallon (25 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in O Fallon, IL / 25 miles away from Alton, IL

    2018 Nissan Rogue Sport SCaspian Blue FWD CVT with Xtronic 2.0L DOHC ABS brakes, Electronic Stability Control, Illuminated entry, Low tire pressure w...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1BJ1CP3JW156474
    Stock: 23115FRCZ
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-24-2025

  • Price Drop
    $15,698
    fair price
    $444 above market
    • 79,149 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Auffenberg Nissan (26 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Shiloh, IL / 26 miles away from Alton, IL

    Recent Arrival! Clean CARFAX. 2019 Nissan Rogue Sport SV 2.0L DOHC CVT with Xtronic AWD 4D Sport Utility Brilliant Silver Metallic 24/30 City/Highway ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1BJ1CRXKW347571
    Stock: 11376NTA
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-23-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $21,995
    fair price
    $870 above market
    • 10,408 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • St Charles Nissan (24 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Saint Peters, MO / 24 miles away from Alton, IL

    Recent Arrival! 2021 Nissan Rogue Sport SV Magnetic Black Pearl Nissan Certified Details: * Vehicle History * 167 Point Inspection * Transferab...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1BJ1BV3MW569967
    Stock: 204323-1
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 07-29-2025

  • $16,997
    fair price
    $42 above market
    • 77,240 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Mungenast St Louis Acura (27 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    Close

    Located in Manchester, MO / 27 miles away from Alton, IL

    CLEAN CARFAX!, Great Service History!, Apple CarPlayTM and AndroidTM Auto, Blind Spot Monitors!, Bluetooth, Back up camera, Contact Dealer to verify a...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1BJ1AV4MW313340
    Stock: 12282P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-16-2025

  • Price Drop
    $15,700
    fair price
    $448 above market
    • 58,155 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Napleton St. Louis Nissan (19 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Saint Louis, MO / 19 miles away from Alton, IL

    Recent Arrival! Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price! Gun Metallic 2018 Nissan Rogue Sport 4D Sport Utility SV 2.0L DOHC AWD Odometer is 37810 miles b...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1BJ1CR0JW251866
    Stock: PJD04352
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-18-2025

  • New Listing
    • 100,827 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Pershall Road DriveTime (11 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Saint Louis, MO / 11 miles away from Alton, IL

    Shop at DriveTime: Get started on your personalized car-buying journey today. With no credit impact, you can get approved for your real, personalized ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1BJ1CP1JW101960
    Stock: 1660042646
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-05-2025

  • New Listing
    • 101,610 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - St. Louis (19 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in St. Louis, MO / 19 miles away from Alton, IL

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1BJ1CP6JW182115
    Stock: 2003915430
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-19-2025

  • New Listing
    • 85,758 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - St. Louis (19 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in St. Louis, MO / 19 miles away from Alton, IL

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1BJ1CR4HW102578
    Stock: 2003907428
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-24-2025

  • New Listing
    • 79,631 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - St. Louis (19 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in St. Louis, MO / 19 miles away from Alton, IL

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1BJ1CP8JW191558
    Stock: 2003883368
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-12-2025

    • 80,783 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Lindbergh DriveTime (29 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Saint Louis, MO / 29 miles away from Alton, IL

    Shop at DriveTime: Get started on your personalized car-buying journey today. With no credit impact, you can get approved for your real, personalized ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1BJ1CP7JW182205
    Stock: 1460003357
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-21-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $17,490
    fair price
    $317 above market
    • 70,882 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Napleton St. Louis Nissan (19 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    Close

    Located in Saint Louis, MO / 19 miles away from Alton, IL

    Recent Arrival! CARFAX One-Owner. Brilliant Silver Metallic 2022 Nissan Rogue Sport 4D Sport Utility S 2.0L DOHC FWDThis Rogue Sport is well equipp...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1BJ1AV4NW345495
    Stock: PNP04288
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-28-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 72,433 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Weber Chevrolet Granite City (12 mi away)
    • Five Star Dealer
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Granite City, IL / 12 miles away from Alton, IL

    Recent Arrival! Gun Metallic Nissan Rogue Sport A MUST SEE!! **ALL WHEEL DRIVE**, **BLUETOOTH HANDS FREE MOBILE**, **LOCAL TRADE IN**, **GOOD TIRES & ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1BJ1CRXKW630018
    Stock: 38953B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-26-2025

    • 13,501 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Auffenberg Ford Belleville (29 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Belleville, IL / 29 miles away from Alton, IL

    2021 Nissan Rogue Sport S CARFAX One-Owner.Magnetic Black Pearl AWD CVT with Xtronic 2.0L DOHC Low Miles, 17" Aluminum Wheels, Auto High-beam Headlig...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1BJ1AW3MW669433
    Stock: 1-23444BKCZ
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-26-2025

    • 111,184 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Lindbergh DriveTime (29 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    Close

    Located in Saint Louis, MO / 29 miles away from Alton, IL

    Shop at DriveTime: Get started on your personalized car-buying journey today. With no credit impact, you can get approved for your real, personalized ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1BJ1CV6LW265089
    Stock: 1460003251
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-21-2025

Showing 1 - 21 out of 423 listings
Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius50 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.