Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
778 listings
  • Price Drop
    $39,590
    fair price
    $196 below market
    • 7,147 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 8 Seats, 20 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 306 miles away from Sevierville, TN

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKENKRS6SJ128803
    Stock: 2003932960
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-30-2025

  • $20,998
    good price
    $1,658 below market
    • 83,244 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 6 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from FL to TN*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 541 miles away from Sevierville, TN

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKKNPLS6KZ296239
    Stock: 27762943
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $26,738
    great price
    $5,135 below market
    • 19,268 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6 Seats, 22 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 543 miles away from Sevierville, TN

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Hands-Free Liftgate,Keyless Start,L...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKKNRL40PZ198330
    Stock: PZ198330P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $35,990
    great price
    $2,679 below market
    • 15,647 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 8 Seats, 20 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Salt Lake City, UT / 1,562 miles away from Sevierville, TN

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKENKRS0SJ130028
    Stock: 2003945907
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-07-2025

  • Advertisement

    4 Offers Nearby

    2025 GMC Acadia Denali
    $53,900
    starting MSRP
    • 6 Colors
    • 3 Trims
    • 2 Packages
    View Offers 
    *The Manufacturer’s Suggested Retail Price excludes destination freight charge, tax, title, license, dealer fees, and optional equipment. Dealer sets final price. Click here to see all GMC vehicles’ destination freight charges.
  • Price Drop
    $27,590
    fair price
    $488 above market
    • 69,669 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 6 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Cleveland, OH / 402 miles away from Sevierville, TN

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKKNXLS6LZ145158
    Stock: 2003924896
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-24-2025

  • $27,499
    good price
    $1,933 below market
    • 35,437 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6 Seats, 22 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Farmington Hills, MI / 457 miles away from Sevierville, TN

    3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Lane Keeping Assist,Leather Seat...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKKNML43PZ240346
    Stock: PZ240346A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $25,998
    good price
    $1,900 below market
    • 77,797 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 6 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from OH to TN*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 293 miles away from Sevierville, TN

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKKNXLSXLZ121610
    Stock: 27669118
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $8,989
    fair price
    $481 below market
    • 128,085 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • National Choice Auto (17 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Knoxville, TN / 17 miles away from Sevierville, TN

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKKRTED9CJ407717
    Stock: 25NCA186
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-06-2025

  • Advertisement

    4 Offers Nearby

    2025 GMC Acadia Denali
    $53,900
    starting MSRP
    • 6 Colors
    • 3 Trims
    • 2 Packages
    View Offers 
    *The Manufacturer’s Suggested Retail Price excludes destination freight charge, tax, title, license, dealer fees, and optional equipment. Dealer sets final price. Click here to see all GMC vehicles’ destination freight charges.
  • $6,900
    good price
    $1,003 below market
    • 125,046 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Blue Ridge Cars and Trucks (96 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Greer, SC / 96 miles away from Sevierville, TN

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKKRPED4CJ131891
    Stock: 131891
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-09-2025

  • $33,887
    great price
    $3,072 below market
    • 22,500 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Plymouth, MI / 450 miles away from Sevierville, TN

    3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heads-Up Display,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Lane Keeping As...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKKNLLS4PZ234516
    Stock: PZ234516A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $25,365
    good price
    $2,384 below market
    • 55,673 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 6 Seats, 22 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Nissan of Hendersonville (74 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Hendersonville, NC / 74 miles away from Sevierville, TN

    CARFAX One-Owner. 2023 GMC Acadia SLT AWD 9-Speed Automatic 2.0L TurbochargedBluetooth, Leather Seats, Third Row Seats, Backup Camera, AWD, Jet Black ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKKNUL46PZ149541
    Stock: P149541
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-17-2025

  • $28,570
    good price
    $2,435 below market
    • 35,301 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 22 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Legacy Ford Lincoln (80 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Corbin, KY / 80 miles away from Sevierville, TN

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKKNML4XPZ237668
    Stock: A4888
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-02-2025

  • Advertisement

    4 Offers Nearby

    2025 GMC Acadia Denali
    $53,900
    starting MSRP
    • 6 Colors
    • 3 Trims
    • 2 Packages
    View Offers 
    *The Manufacturer’s Suggested Retail Price excludes destination freight charge, tax, title, license, dealer fees, and optional equipment. Dealer sets final price. Click here to see all GMC vehicles’ destination freight charges.
  • $25,874
    great price
    $3,141 below market
    • 57,023 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 22 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • RubyCar – Seattle (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in South Kent, WA / 2,124 miles away from Sevierville, TN

    Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price! CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. RubyCar by Avis is a national online retailer that allows you to shop thousands ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKKNUL44PZ204861
    Stock: 52033520
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-23-2025

  • New Listing
    $37,990
    fair price
    $1,188 below market
    • 11,111 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 8 Seats, 20 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Milwaukee, WI / 547 miles away from Sevierville, TN

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKENKRS9SJ130156
    Stock: 2003953682
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-08-2025

  • $24,990
    great price
    $3,921 below market
    • 57,822 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 6 Seats, 22 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 550 miles away from Sevierville, TN

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKKNUL46PZ151189
    Stock: 2003877180
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-18-2025

  • $28,198
    good price
    $2,395 below market
    • 45,616 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 6 Seats, 22 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Avon, IN / 310 miles away from Sevierville, TN

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKKNUL42PZ220752
    Stock: 7W3PSG
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-20-2025

  • Advertisement

    4 Offers Nearby

    2025 GMC Acadia Denali
    $53,900
    starting MSRP
    • 6 Colors
    • 3 Trims
    • 2 Packages
    View Offers 
    *The Manufacturer’s Suggested Retail Price excludes destination freight charge, tax, title, license, dealer fees, and optional equipment. Dealer sets final price. Click here to see all GMC vehicles’ destination freight charges.
  • Price Drop
    $28,287
    good price
    $1,071 below market
    • 10,488 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6 Seats, 22 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Troy, MI / 464 miles away from Sevierville, TN

    Low Mileage,3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Hands-Free Liftgate,Keyless Start,Lane Keeping Assist,Remote Start,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKKNRL46NZ181030
    Stock: NZ181030PJ
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $29,369
    good price
    $2,558 below market
    • 46,412 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6 Seats
    • Dave Kirk Buick Chevrolet GMC (82 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Crossville, TN / 82 miles away from Sevierville, TN

    This Luxury Family Hauler was recently acquired by our store here in Crossville. Drive your family around in style. Pano Sunroof, V6, Memory Seats, Su...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKKNULS4MZ114197
    Stock: 76E07057
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 07-25-2025

  • New Listing
    $22,590
    good price
    $2,044 below market
    • 96,227 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6 Seats, 22 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 230 miles away from Sevierville, TN

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKKNUL46PZ110299
    Stock: 2003863845
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-10-2025

  • Price Drop
    $39,990
    fair price
    $238 below market
    • 7,393 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 306 miles away from Sevierville, TN

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKENKKS8RJ207572
    Stock: 2003978656
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-15-2025

  • $8,450
    good price
    $1,242 below market
    • 127,444 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Just Auto (24 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Knoxville, TN / 24 miles away from Sevierville, TN

    This 2015 GMC Acadia SLE-2 AWD comes with a clean title and an impressive 24 documented service records, showing a strong history of maintenance and c...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKKVPKD5FJ367812
    Stock: AA367812
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 85 - 105 out of 778 listings
Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.