Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
342 listings
  • $25,995
    great price
    $3,114 below market
    • 38,033 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Bend, OR / 1,394 miles away from Leavenworth, KS

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Rare Find,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heads-Up Display,Heated Seats,Hea...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: LRBFZPR4XND049302
    Stock: ND049302P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $25,990
    great price
    $4,718 below market
    • 14,560 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 1,422 miles away from Leavenworth, KS

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: LRBFZPE43RD071637
    Stock: 2003754611
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-05-2025

  • Price Drop
    $20,990
    great price
    $2,331 below market
    • 38,601 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Maplewood, MN / 406 miles away from Leavenworth, KS

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Hands-Free Liftgate,Keyless Start,Lane Keeping A...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: LRBAZLR46ND031317
    Stock: ND031317P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $23,499
    good price
    $1,488 below market
    • 45,549 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in North Charleston, SC / 938 miles away from Leavenworth, KS

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: LRBFZNR49PD085389
    Stock: 8D1D4T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-12-2025

  • Advertisement

    7 Offers Nearby

    2025 Buick Envision
    $36,500
    starting MSRP
    • 6 Colors
    • 3 Trims
    • 2 Packages
    View Offers 
    The Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price excludes destination freight charge, tax, title, license, dealer fees and optional equipment. Dealer sets final price. Click here to see all Buick vehicles' destination freight charges.
  • Price Drop
    $25,590
    great price
    $4,608 below market
    • 17,564 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 1,422 miles away from Leavenworth, KS

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: LRBFZPE49RD072422
    Stock: 2003736276
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-05-2025

  • Price Drop
    $20,990
    great price
    $2,982 below market
    • 56,982 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Las Vegas, NV / 1,124 miles away from Leavenworth, KS

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: LRBFZNR48PD066137
    Stock: 2003845105
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-26-2025

  • Price Drop
    $19,990
    good price
    $1,716 below market
    • 59,067 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Salt Lake City, UT / 899 miles away from Leavenworth, KS

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: LRBAZLR45PD066546
    Stock: 2003855172
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-08-2025

  • New Listing
    $26,590
    good price
    $1,599 below market
    • 15,907 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Minneapolis, MN / 399 miles away from Leavenworth, KS

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: LRBFZNR4XPD146748
    Stock: 2003766076
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-16-2025

  • Advertisement

    7 Offers Nearby

    2025 Buick Envision
    $36,500
    starting MSRP
    • 6 Colors
    • 3 Trims
    • 2 Packages
    View Offers 
    The Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price excludes destination freight charge, tax, title, license, dealer fees and optional equipment. Dealer sets final price. Click here to see all Buick vehicles' destination freight charges.
  • Price Drop
    $25,990
    great price
    $4,461 below market
    • 16,037 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 1,422 miles away from Leavenworth, KS

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: LRBFZPE41RD072625
    Stock: 2003723433
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-21-2025

  • New Listing
    $24,499
    good price
    $1,105 below market
    • 39,372 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Columbia, SC / 849 miles away from Leavenworth, KS

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: LRBFZNR45PD074101
    Stock: 8F574W
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-12-2025

  • New Listing
    $21,590
    great price
    $2,673 below market
    • 53,520 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Albuquerque, NM / 708 miles away from Leavenworth, KS

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: LRBFZNR48PD066476
    Stock: 2003717208
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-22-2025

  • Price Drop
    $26,590
    great price
    $4,275 below market
    • 13,692 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 1,422 miles away from Leavenworth, KS

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: LRBFZPE46RD073544
    Stock: 2003751723
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-14-2025

  • Advertisement

    7 Offers Nearby

    2025 Buick Envision
    $36,500
    starting MSRP
    • 6 Colors
    • 3 Trims
    • 2 Packages
    View Offers 
    The Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price excludes destination freight charge, tax, title, license, dealer fees and optional equipment. Dealer sets final price. Click here to see all Buick vehicles' destination freight charges.
  • $16,998
    great price
    $1,699 below market
    • 53,767 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from KY to KS*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Lexington, KY / 572 miles away from Leavenworth, KS

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: LRBFXBSA4KD123348
    Stock: 26709343
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $19,998
    good price
    $2,019 below market
    • 54,612 miles
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from ID to KS*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Meridian, ID / 1,145 miles away from Leavenworth, KS

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: LRBAZLR48PD065939
    Stock: 27492094
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $20,990
    good price
    $1,719 below market
    • 65,208 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Las Vegas, NV / 1,124 miles away from Leavenworth, KS

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: LRBFZNR43PD033675
    Stock: 2003770186
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-18-2025

  • Price Drop
    $27,990
    great price
    $3,684 below market
    • 9,508 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 1,422 miles away from Leavenworth, KS

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: LRBFZPE44RD072974
    Stock: 2003736344
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-07-2025

  • Advertisement

    7 Offers Nearby

    2025 Buick Envision
    $36,500
    starting MSRP
    • 6 Colors
    • 3 Trims
    • 2 Packages
    View Offers 
    The Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price excludes destination freight charge, tax, title, license, dealer fees and optional equipment. Dealer sets final price. Click here to see all Buick vehicles' destination freight charges.
  • New Listing
    $20,999
    fair price
    $336 below market
    • 64,830 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Saint Louis, MO / 250 miles away from Leavenworth, KS

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: LRBAZLR40PD068270
    Stock: 8D4RXJ
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-17-2025

  • New Listing
    $23,999
    fair price
    $338 below market
    • 52,645 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Hazelwood, MO / 248 miles away from Leavenworth, KS

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: LRBFZNR48PD078126
    Stock: 8D7K4C
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-13-2025

  • New Listing
    $25,590
    good price
    $1,326 below market
    • 12,449 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 558 miles away from Leavenworth, KS

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: LRBAZLR40PD012927
    Stock: 2003813200
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-20-2025

  • Price Drop
    $25,590
    great price
    $3,818 below market
    • 23,011 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 1,422 miles away from Leavenworth, KS

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: LRBFZPE48RD015760
    Stock: 2003736270
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-07-2025

  • Price Drop
    $19,999
    good price
    $2,089 below market
    • 53,668 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 829 miles away from Leavenworth, KS

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: LRBAZLR43PD126078
    Stock: 7W21P6
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-06-2025

Showing 43 - 63 out of 342 listings
Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius50 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.