Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
372 listings
  • Price Drop
    • 60,049 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Todd Wenzel Chevrolet (42 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Hudsonville, MI / 42 miles away from Kalamazoo, MI

    One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. Luxuriously equipped, our 2023 Buick Enclave Avenir AWD takes family adventure to the next level in Ebony Twilight Metallic! ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAEVCKW3PJ169168
    Stock: Q251248A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-15-2025

    • 42,099 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Todd Wenzel Chevrolet (42 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Hudsonville, MI / 42 miles away from Kalamazoo, MI

    One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. Luxuriously equipped, our 2023 Buick Enclave Avenir AWD takes family adventure to the next level in Ebony Twilight Metallic! ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAEVCKW1PJ151770
    Stock: Q251402A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-19-2025

    • 34,823 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Lochmandy Buick GMC (45 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Elkhart, IN / 45 miles away from Kalamazoo, MI

    Sure! The 2023 Buick Enclave Essence is a mid-size luxury SUV that blends upscale styling with a smooth and comfortable driving experience. The Esse...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAEVAKW5PJ174795
    Stock: C32263
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-14-2025

    • 48,009 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Lochmandy Buick GMC (45 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Elkhart, IN / 45 miles away from Kalamazoo, MI

    The 2023 Buick Enclave Essence offers a smooth, refined driving experience with plenty of space for family and cargo. It's powered by a 3.6-liter V6...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAERBKW0PJ101053
    Stock: C32349
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-06-2025

  • Advertisement

    6 Offers Nearby

    2025 Buick Enclave
    $45,000
    starting MSRP
    • 5 Colors
    • 3 Trims
    • 5 Packages
    View Offers 
    The Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price excludes destination freight charge, tax, title, license, dealer fees and optional equipment. Dealer sets final price. Click here to see all Buick vehicles' destination freight charges.
  • Stock photo**
    • 24,011 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Battle Creek Honda (19 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Springfield, MI / 19 miles away from Kalamazoo, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAEVCKW8LJ269891
    Stock: I626A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-30-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 148,094 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • S & H Auto Sales Goshen (48 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Elkhart, IN / 48 miles away from Kalamazoo, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAKRBKD5HJ340343
    Stock: G340343
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-14-2025

  • Stock photo**
    • 56,017 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Seelye Select on 9th (5 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Kalamazoo, MI / 5 miles away from Kalamazoo, MI

    Vehicle DetailsIntroducing the 2024 Buick Enclave Premium AWD, a sophisticated blend of luxury, performance, and advanced technology. Equipped...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAEVBKW1RJ129782
    Stock: 25L10018
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-25-2025

  • New Listing
    • 54,831 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • S & H Auto Sales Elkhart (42 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Elkhart, IN / 42 miles away from Kalamazoo, MI

    CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. AWD. Summit White 2024 Buick Enclave Premium Group AWD 9-Speed Automatic 4D Sport Utility 3.6L V6 SIDI VVT 17/25 City/...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAEVBKW4RJ125225
    Stock: E125225
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-05-2025

  • Advertisement

    6 Offers Nearby

    2025 Buick Enclave
    $45,000
    starting MSRP
    • 5 Colors
    • 3 Trims
    • 5 Packages
    View Offers 
    The Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price excludes destination freight charge, tax, title, license, dealer fees and optional equipment. Dealer sets final price. Click here to see all Buick vehicles' destination freight charges.
  • New Listing
    $37,998
    great price
    $5,221 below market
    • 14,918 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from IL to MI*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Naperville, IL / 138 miles away from Kalamazoo, MI

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAEVAKW6RJ125530
    Stock: 27722814
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $28,990
    good price
    $2,107 below market
    • 67,289 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Albuquerque, NM / 1,236 miles away from Kalamazoo, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAEVBKW3RJ114023
    Stock: 2003772412
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-06-2025

  • $30,590
    great price
    $4,291 below market
    • 52,615 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Birmingham, AL / 608 miles away from Kalamazoo, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAEVBKW1RJ113890
    Stock: 2003772337
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-30-2025

  • $32,590
    great price
    $4,042 below market
    • 40,784 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 175 miles away from Kalamazoo, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAEVBKW8RJ128080
    Stock: 2003779322
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-06-2025

  • Advertisement

    6 Offers Nearby

    2025 Buick Enclave
    $45,000
    starting MSRP
    • 5 Colors
    • 3 Trims
    • 5 Packages
    View Offers 
    The Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price excludes destination freight charge, tax, title, license, dealer fees and optional equipment. Dealer sets final price. Click here to see all Buick vehicles' destination freight charges.
  • New Listing
    $28,998
    great price
    $4,945 below market
    • 52,724 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NC to MI*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Hickory, NC / 508 miles away from Kalamazoo, MI

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAEVAKW5PJ113916
    Stock: 27485651
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $32,990
    great price
    $3,848 below market
    • 39,523 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 175 miles away from Kalamazoo, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAEVBKW8RJ129892
    Stock: 2003779236
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-06-2025

  • $32,590
    great price
    $3,798 below market
    • 42,306 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 175 miles away from Kalamazoo, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAEVBKW2RJ118063
    Stock: 2003780473
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-06-2025

  • $32,672
    great price
    $3,980 below market
    • 37,658 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Gurley Leep Hyundai (50 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Mishawaka, IN / 50 miles away from Kalamazoo, MI

    Gurley Leep Hyundai Subaru- More Than A Car Company!Moonstone Gray Metallic 2023 Buick Enclave Essence AWD 3.6L V6 SIDI VVT 9-Speed Automatic ** THIS ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAEVAKW8PJ131455
    Stock: U6N131455
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-22-2025

  • Advertisement

    6 Offers Nearby

    2025 Buick Enclave
    $45,000
    starting MSRP
    • 5 Colors
    • 3 Trims
    • 5 Packages
    View Offers 
    The Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price excludes destination freight charge, tax, title, license, dealer fees and optional equipment. Dealer sets final price. Click here to see all Buick vehicles' destination freight charges.
  • $31,990
    great price
    $3,803 below market
    • 46,183 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 175 miles away from Kalamazoo, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAEVBKW5RJ124360
    Stock: 2003798583
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-20-2025

  • $31,990
    great price
    $3,696 below market
    • 46,901 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 175 miles away from Kalamazoo, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAEVBKW2RJ128706
    Stock: 2003796411
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-19-2025

  • $30,990
    great price
    $5,824 below market
    • 39,664 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 1,891 miles away from Kalamazoo, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAEVBKW5RJ116145
    Stock: 2003755046
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-20-2025

  • $32,990
    good price
    $3,479 below market
    • 41,797 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 175 miles away from Kalamazoo, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAEVBKW0RJ116165
    Stock: 2003798582
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-23-2025

  • Stock photo**
    $4,200
    great price
    $2,273 below market
    • 143,829 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Matrix Autos (39 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Leather Seats
    • Third-row seating
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Grand Rapids, MI / 39 miles away from Kalamazoo, MI

    WE ACCEPT TRADE-INS!

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAEV23768J231438
    Stock: 2023675
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-23-2023

Showing 22 - 42 out of 372 listings
Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius50 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.