Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
422 listings
  • Price Drop
    $23,798
    fair price
    $534 above market
    • 96,731 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Hutchinson Kia (73 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Macon, GA / 73 miles away from Columbus, GA

    Clean CARFAX. Satin Steel Metallic 2021 Buick Enclave Avenir 3.6L V6 SIDI VVT 9-Speed Automatic FWD

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAERDKW9MJ187650
    Stock: MJ187650K
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-02-2025

  • $31,992
    fair price
    $1,161 above market
    • 25,089 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Bartlett, TN / 342 miles away from Columbus, GA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,Heated Steering W...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAERBKW2NJ188483
    Stock: NJ188483P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $19,995
    fair price
    $33 below market
    • 59,065 miles
    • 3 accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Troy, MI / 702 miles away from Columbus, GA

    3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Remote Start,Satellite Radio,Tow...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAEVAKW1KJ193921
    Stock: KJ192921T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $33,590
    great price
    $3,816 below market
    • 27,701 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 509 miles away from Columbus, GA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAEVAKW4PJ103667
    Stock: 2004005931
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-22-2025

  • Advertisement

    5 Offers Nearby

    2026 Buick Enclave
    $45,200
    starting MSRP
    • 6 Colors
    • 3 Trims
    • 4 Packages
    View Offers 
    The Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price excludes destination freight charge, tax, title, license, dealer fees and optional equipment. Dealer sets final price. Click here to see all Buick vehicles' destination freight charges.
  • New Listing
    $22,990
    fair price
    $852 above market
    • 39,214 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Birmingham, AL / 135 miles away from Columbus, GA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAKRBKD3HJ335013
    Stock: 2004076438
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-19-2025

  • $34,475
    fair price
    $804 above market
    • 31,143 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Interstate Motors (GA) (41 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Lagrange, GA / 41 miles away from Columbus, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAERBKW4PJ173311
    Stock: 173311
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-03-2025

  • $6,995
    fair price
    $209 below market
    • 160,779 miles
    • 1 accident, 7 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Bama Auto Sales (11 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Third-row seating
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Phenix City, AL / 11 miles away from Columbus, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAER23D49J187385
    Stock: 187385
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-06-2025

    • 95,245 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Grand Rapids, MI / 725 miles away from Columbus, GA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAKVCKDXHJ281257
    Stock: 2003961044
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-12-2025

  • Advertisement

    5 Offers Nearby

    2026 Buick Enclave
    $45,200
    starting MSRP
    • 6 Colors
    • 3 Trims
    • 4 Packages
    View Offers 
    The Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price excludes destination freight charge, tax, title, license, dealer fees and optional equipment. Dealer sets final price. Click here to see all Buick vehicles' destination freight charges.
  • $6,600
    fair price
    $788 above market
    • 181,368 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Automotive Express (78 mi away)
    • Leather Seats
    • Third-row seating
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Union City, GA / 78 miles away from Columbus, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAER23728J302526
    Stock: 002600
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-08-2024

    • 83,124 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 1,576 miles away from Columbus, GA

    Rare Find,3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Remote Start,Satellite...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAERBKW4KJ280058
    Stock: KJ280058T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $34,590
    fair price
    $885 below market
    • 30,631 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 1,575 miles away from Columbus, GA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAEVBKW5RJ129316
    Stock: 2003753594
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-28-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 28,516 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Sanford, FL / 330 miles away from Columbus, GA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,He...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAEVAKWXPJ130484
    Stock: PJ130484
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Advertisement

    5 Offers Nearby

    2026 Buick Enclave
    $45,200
    starting MSRP
    • 6 Colors
    • 3 Trims
    • 4 Packages
    View Offers 
    The Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price excludes destination freight charge, tax, title, license, dealer fees and optional equipment. Dealer sets final price. Click here to see all Buick vehicles' destination freight charges.
    • 79,714 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 542 miles away from Columbus, GA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAEVAKW3KJ203347
    Stock: 2003966250
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-12-2025

  • $34,949
    fair price
    $783 below market
    • 29,046 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • RubyCar - Orlando (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Winter Garden, FL / 333 miles away from Columbus, GA

    Clean CARFAX. CARFAX One-Owner. RubyCar by Avis is a national online retailer that allows you to shop thousands of high-quality, single-owner vehicles...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAEVBKW7RJ125641
    Stock: 54135616
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-24-2025

  • New Listing
    • 81,201 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 695 miles away from Columbus, GA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAEVAKW2KJ312088
    Stock: 2003966718
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-10-2025

  • New Listing
    $31,998
    fair price
    $1,056 above market
    • 30,520 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from OH to GA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 471 miles away from Columbus, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAERBKW1NJ188152
    Stock: 27867113
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Advertisement

    5 Offers Nearby

    2026 Buick Enclave
    $45,200
    starting MSRP
    • 6 Colors
    • 3 Trims
    • 4 Packages
    View Offers 
    The Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price excludes destination freight charge, tax, title, license, dealer fees and optional equipment. Dealer sets final price. Click here to see all Buick vehicles' destination freight charges.
  • New Listing
    $29,990
    good price
    $1,096 below market
    • 28,189 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 692 miles away from Columbus, GA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAERBKW3NJ100685
    Stock: 2004065204
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-15-2025

  • Price Drop
    $34,590
    fair price
    $1,036 below market
    • 29,701 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 2,086 miles away from Columbus, GA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAEVBKW3RJ129329
    Stock: 2003790028
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-20-2025

  • Price Drop
    $31,590
    fair price
    $1,472 below market
    • 46,358 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Salt Lake City, UT / 1,595 miles away from Columbus, GA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAEVBKW3RJ124468
    Stock: 2003935429
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-16-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 72,218 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Waukesha, WI / 750 miles away from Columbus, GA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,Ke...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAEVAKW4LJ173860
    Stock: SXLJ173860
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $29,993
    fair price
    $71 below market
    • 52,910 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Landmark Dodge Chrysler Jeep Ram (80 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Morrow, GA / 80 miles away from Columbus, GA

    This gorgeous 2022 Buick Enclave has passed our comprehensive and rigorous inspection and comes with the following features; Front Mounting License Pl...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAEVBKW9NJ119821
    Stock: G20552ZA
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-09-2025

Showing 232 - 252 out of 422 listings
Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.