Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
64 listings
  • Price Drop
    • 95,507 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 55 City / 54 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (368 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Springfield, OR / 368 miles away from Spokane, WA

    High Demand,Green Vehicle,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Lane Keeping Assist,Leathe...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    55 Combined MPG (55 City/54 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMHC05LC3LU242340
    Stock: VT242340
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $16,880
    fair price
    $92 above market
    • 71,420 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 55 City / 54 Hwy MPG
    • J&A Auto Sales (223 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Bellevue, WA / 223 miles away from Spokane, WA

    WASHINGTON STATE EV INCENTIVE MEANS NO SALES TAX ON FIRST $16K FOR EV's UNDER $30K*JA Auto Sales is an independent car dealership, located at 13600 NE...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    55 Combined MPG (55 City/54 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMHC05LC3KU134198
    Stock: 134198
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $15,900
    good price
    $1,324 below market
    • 54,820 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, government vehicle
    • 57 City / 59 Hwy MPG
    • Underriner Volvo Cars (436 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Billings, MT / 436 miles away from Spokane, WA

    PRICED BELOW CARFAX SUGGESTED PRICE AT $15,900.002020 Hyundai Ioniq Hybrid Blue Scarlet Red Pearl1 Owner No accidents!, Local vehicle serviced with us...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    58 Combined MPG (57 City/59 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMHC65LC2LU210154
    Stock: M210154P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-15-2025

  • $14,986
    good price
    $1,407 below market
    • 91,088 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 54 City / 57 Hwy MPG
    • AutoNation Subaru Spokane (5 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Spokane Valley, WA / 5 miles away from Spokane, WA

    The following items have been reconditioned on this vehicle: new pair of tires! Sun/MoonroofCeramic WhiteCarpeted Floor MatsLane Keeping Assist...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    55 Combined MPG (54 City/57 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMHC85LCXNU269742
    Stock: NU269742
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-24-2025

  • New Listing
    $18,998
    fair price
    $1,370 above market
    • 49,204 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 57 City / 59 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NY to WA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Smithtown, NY / 2,206 miles away from Spokane, WA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    58 Combined MPG (57 City/59 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMHC65LC9LU206764
    Stock: 27365582
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 58,731 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 55 City / 54 Hwy MPG
    • Country Chevrolet (66 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Colville, WA / 66 miles away from Spokane, WA

    EquipmentHere is a great deal on a local trade in Hybrid sedan for your consideration. This is a one owner 2020 Hyundai Ioniq SEL front wheel ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    55 Combined MPG (55 City/54 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMHC85LC9LU214308
    Stock: 3272B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-15-2025

    • 50,341 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 57 City / 59 Hwy MPG
    • Hyundai of Portland (286 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Portland, OR / 286 miles away from Spokane, WA

    2018 Hyundai Ioniq Hybrid Blue Dual front side impact airbags, Electronic Stability Control, Exterior Parking Camera Rear, Knee airbag, Occupant sensi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    58 Combined MPG (57 City/59 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMHC65LC9JU097526
    Stock: C413393
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-20-2025

    • 29,686 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 57 City / 59 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 2,311 miles away from Spokane, WA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    58 Combined MPG (57 City/59 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMHC65LC4LU231703
    Stock: 2003801998
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-10-2025

    • 108,908 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 54 City / 57 Hwy MPG
    • ZAG Motors Lynnwood (228 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Lynnwood, WA / 228 miles away from Spokane, WA

    This Hyundai IONIQ HYBRID Limited, with a 1.6L Hybrid I4 139hp 195ft. lbs. engine, features a 6-Speed Double Clutch transmission, and generates 57 hig...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    55 Combined MPG (54 City/57 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMHC05LC0NU279347
    Stock: L279347
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-16-2025

    • 36,837 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 55 City / 54 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 1,462 miles away from Spokane, WA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    55 Combined MPG (55 City/54 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMHC75LC2LU207686
    Stock: 2003910330
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-24-2025

  • New Listing
    • 47,880 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 57 City / 59 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 2,311 miles away from Spokane, WA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    58 Combined MPG (57 City/59 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMHC65LC0LU212758
    Stock: 2003899390
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-22-2025

    • 35,645 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 55 City / 54 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 1,486 miles away from Spokane, WA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    55 Combined MPG (55 City/54 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMHC05LC4LU227541
    Stock: 2003891980
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-18-2025

    • 104,352 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 55 City / 54 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 2,311 miles away from Spokane, WA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    55 Combined MPG (55 City/54 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMHC05LC0LU227262
    Stock: 2003844915
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-03-2025

  • New Listing
    • 45,925 miles
    • 55 City / 54 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TN to WA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Jackson, TN / 1,675 miles away from Spokane, WA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    55 Combined MPG (55 City/54 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMHC75LC8LU189727
    Stock: 27369798
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $18,460
    fair price
    $71 below market
    • 48,588 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 55 City / 54 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Waukesha,, WI / 1,444 miles away from Spokane, WA

    Rare Find,Green Vehicle,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Lane Keeping Assist,Leather ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    55 Combined MPG (55 City/54 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMHC85LC8KU137588
    Stock: KU137588P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 19,436 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 55 City / 54 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to WA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 1,700 miles away from Spokane, WA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    55 Combined MPG (55 City/54 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMHC85LC1KU112659
    Stock: 27445368
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $14,988
    fair price
    $1,166 below market
    • 70,050 miles
    • 55 City / 54 Hwy MPG
    • Volkswagen Eugene (367 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Eugene, OR / 367 miles away from Spokane, WA

    Intense Blue Metallic 2019 Hyundai Ioniq Hybrid SEL FWD 6-Speed EcoShift Dual Clutch 1.6L I4 DGI Hybrid DOHC 16V LEV3-SULEV30

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    55 Combined MPG (55 City/54 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMHC75LC0KU111134
    Stock: P111134W
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-28-2025

  • New Listing
    $11,999
    good price
    $945 below market
    • 81,300 miles
    • 57 City / 59 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Fresno, CA / 759 miles away from Spokane, WA

    High Demand,Green Vehicle,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Keyless Start,Satellite Radio,4 Cylinder Engine,4-Wheel Disc Brakes,6-Sp...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    58 Combined MPG (57 City/59 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMHC65LCXKU111595
    Stock: KU111595TX
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 78,836 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 55 City / 54 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 1,013 miles away from Spokane, WA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    55 Combined MPG (55 City/54 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMHC75LC7KU121773
    Stock: 2003812325
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-18-2025

  • New Listing
    $20,998
    fair price
    $262 above market
    • 18,622 miles
    • 55 City / 54 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NC to WA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Asheville, NC / 1,961 miles away from Spokane, WA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    55 Combined MPG (55 City/54 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMHC85LC5KU163307
    Stock: 26554770
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $17,245
    fair price
    $1,396 above market
    • 74,716 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 55 City / 54 Hwy MPG
    • Parkway Auto Center (20 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Deer Park, WA / 20 miles away from Spokane, WA

    Get ready to take a ride on the eco-friendly side with this sleek and stylish White 2019 Hyundai Ioniq Hybrid! This car is more than meets the eye, wi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    55 Combined MPG (55 City/54 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMHC75LC3KU135976
    Stock: 31710
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 1 - 21 out of 64 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Hyundai Ioniq Hybrid

Read recent reviews for the Hyundai Ioniq Hybrid
Overall Consumer Rating
4 out of 5 stars31 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 31 reviews
  • 5 star
    (42%)
  • 4 star
    (35%)
  • 3 star
    (10%)
  • 2 star
    (3%)
  • 1 star
    (10%)
4 out of 5 stars

High value, High Tech, Low-medium Price

Mike, 03/28/2019
2019 Hyundai Ioniq Hybrid SEL 4dr Hatchback (1.6L 4cyl gas/electric hybrid 6AM)
Has a smooth but by-design hybrid acceleration (which is spongy and sluggish unless you really get aggressive with the pedal). This is somewhat mitigated by the sport mode, which is an on-the-fly shift on/off while in "D" (drive gear). The cockpit is low to the ground, so you must lift yourself out of it, but not too low. Folks with back injuries might have difficulty. The tech … package is amazing for the price point on the Ioniq SEL. Cruise control is very advanced + lane assist + radar-guided collision detection and follow distance from the cars in front of you + back up camera + passing car detection + other stuff. I think the stock audio system is exceptional and tuned to the cab, if not slightly bass-heavy--or you can go to the Limited and get the Infinity 8-speaker as an option. I'm loving the Apple CarPlay integration. Split HVAC is great, and can switch to driver-side only for greater fuel efficiency. The driver and front passenger have cavernous leg room! Visually, the car is sedan-average-looking in my opinion, but looks way better than the Prius. The ride is very car-like compared to an SUV. You feel the road when it's rough, but on a nice road--smooth as glass. I recommend purchasing WeatherTech fitted all-weather floor and cargo mats, and I'm thinking about custom alloy spoke wheels to dress it up a little.
Report abuse

Used 2020 Hyundai Ioniq Hybrid in Spokane, WA Values

Estimated values
2020 Hyundai Ioniq Hybrid Limited 4dr Hatchback (1.6L 4cyl gas/electric hybrid 6AM) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$13,672$16,595$19,422
Clean$13,368$16,210$18,952
Average$12,862$15,568$18,168
Rough$12,205$14,733$17,149

The average list price of a used 2020 Hyundai Ioniq Hybrid in Spokane, Washington is $18,447. The average mileage on a used Hyundai Ioniq Hybrid 2020 for sale in Spokane, Washington is 60,566. Based on the average mileage of 60,566 for used 2020 Hyundai Ioniq Hybrid for sale in Spokane, WA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Hyundai Ioniq Hybrid 2020 in Spokane, Washington to be $12,862.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.