Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
374 listings
  • $12,691
    good price
    $1,882 below market
    • 78,932 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Star Ford Lincoln (21 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Glendale, CA / 21 miles away from Torrance, CA

    At Star Ford Lincoln we want you to know that all our vehicles are priced at a competitive value position to the market. We use an independent 3rd par...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: MAJ6S3JL4LC368592
    Stock: R13944
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 07-10-2025

  • $12,500
    fair price
    $228 below market
    • 60,308 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 27 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • BMW of Carlsbad (75 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Carlsbad, CA / 75 miles away from Torrance, CA

    Engine: 1.0L EcoboostEquipment Group 100AFront License Plate BracketLightning Blue MetallicMedium Stone; Cloth Front Bucket SeatsTransmission: 6-...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (27 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: MAJ3S2FE5LC379060
    Stock: LC379060
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-22-2025

  • $14,145
    good price
    $1,235 below market
    • 61,531 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Carworld (7 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Hawthorne, CA / 7 miles away from Torrance, CA

    Compact and comfortable, our 2020 Ford EcoSport Titanium 4WD is built for big adventures in Moondust Silver! Powered by a 2.0 Liter 4 Cylinder that ge...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: MAJ6S3KL6LC334829
    Stock: C334829
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-21-2025

  • $12,800
    good price
    $1,382 below market
    • 86,911 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Mossy Ford (95 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in San Diego, CA / 95 miles away from Torrance, CA

    CARFAX ONE OWNER, GREAT FIRST VEHICLE, LOOKS AND RUNS GREAT, MUST SEE, 3RD PARTY INSPECTION, EcoSport SE, 4D Sport Utility, 2.0L I4 Ti-VCT GDI, 6-Spee...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: MAJ6S3GL5LC389877
    Stock: F0602U
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-19-2025

  • $17,590
    fair price
    $580 above market
    • 26,498 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 27 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Los Angeles (13 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Los Angeles, CA / 13 miles away from Torrance, CA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (27 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: MAJ3S2KE2LC345101
    Stock: 2003701233
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-26-2025

  • New Listing
    $15,477
    good price
    $1,585 below market
    • 21,452 miles
    • 5 Seats, 27 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Mazda of Escondido (86 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Escondido, CA / 86 miles away from Torrance, CA

    Low Miles!! Just Traded-In!! Perfect First Car or Commuter! Parking Sensors, Blind Spot Monitor & Navigation! Great on Gas!Very Well Equipped, inc...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (27 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: MAJ3S2GE0LC330086
    Stock: 48846LA
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-19-2025

  • $14,799
    fair price
    $749 above market
    • 39,247 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 27 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Budget Rent A Car Norwalk (15 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Norwalk, CA / 15 miles away from Torrance, CA

    ^ Is Ford EcoSport worth buying in 2020? Yes, Absolutely! Considering all the features that it has on offer in the given price range, the Ford EcoSpor...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (27 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: MAJ3S2FE9LC384729
    Stock: 54-2789
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-12-2021

  • New Listing
    $12,495
    good price
    $1,661 below market
    • 57,073 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 27 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Top Notch Auto Sales (71 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Temecula, CA / 71 miles away from Torrance, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (27 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: MAJ3S2GE5LC385519
    Stock: MC104181
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 57,591 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 27 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Los Angeles (13 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Los Angeles, CA / 13 miles away from Torrance, CA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (27 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: MAJ3S2GEXLC345081
    Stock: 2003854248
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-12-2025

    • 42,059 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 27 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Riverside (52 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Riverside, CA / 52 miles away from Torrance, CA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (27 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: MAJ3S2GEXLC319970
    Stock: 27425975
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $17,159
    fair price
    $751 above market
    • 49,202 miles
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Fritts Ford (52 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Riverside, CA / 52 miles away from Torrance, CA

    **ONE OWNER**, **CLEAN CAR FAX**, **NO ACCIDENTS OR DAMAGE REPORTED**, **COMPLETE DETAIL**, Ready to take home today!, **FORD GOLD CERTIFIED**, Equipm...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: MAJ6S3JL1LC389934
    Stock: 00777874
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 07-31-2025

    • 57,397 miles
    • 1 accident, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 27 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Downey DriveTime (13 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Downey, CA / 13 miles away from Torrance, CA

    Shop at DriveTime: Get started on your personalized car-buying journey today. With no credit impact, you can get approved for your real, personalized ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (27 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: MAJ3S2GE9LC327879
    Stock: 1010222198
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-25-2025

  • New Listing
    $15,998
    great price
    $2,309 below market
    • 14,268 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 27 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Oxnard (55 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Oxnard, CA / 55 miles away from Torrance, CA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (27 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: MAJ3S2GE7MC446872
    Stock: 26487703
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $13,999
    great price
    $1,986 below market
    • 56,518 miles
    • 3 accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 27 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • California Motor Trade - NORCO (44 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Norco, CA / 44 miles away from Torrance, CA

    **TAKE ADVANTAGE OF OUR PUBLIC WHOLESALE PRICING GOING ON RIGHT NOW!!!** 2019 FORD FIESTA SE W/ SUNROOF !! 1.0L 3 CYL FWD ENGINE DAY-NIGHT REARVIEW M...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (27 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: MAJ3S2KE8MC401706
    Stock: MC401706
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-19-2025

  • Price Drop
    $12,199
    fair price
    $622 below market
    • 65,603 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 27 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • California Motors Direct Santa Ana (27 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Santa Ana, CA / 27 miles away from Torrance, CA

    Equipment Group 200A, SE Convenience Package (110V/150W AC Power Outlet, 7 Speakers, Ambient Lighting, BLIS Blind Spot Information System, FordPass Co...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (27 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: MAJ3S2GEXKC291201
    Stock: KC291201
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-26-2025

  • Price Drop
    $16,187
    fair price
    $192 below market
    • 62,192 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • AutoNation Honda Costa Mesa (25 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Costa Mesa, CA / 25 miles away from Torrance, CA

    Sun/MoonroofNavigation SystemKeyless StartEbony Black; Activex Seating Material Heated Front Bucket SeatsEngine: 2.0L Ti-Vct Gdi I-4Equipment Gro...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: MAJ6S3KL4MC423526
    Stock: MC423526
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-18-2025

  • $12,991
    good price
    $1,491 below market
    • 33,615 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 27 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • AutoNation Ford Torrance (3 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Torrance, CA / 3 miles away from Torrance, CA

    The following items have been reconditioned on this vehicle: all new tires! Se Convenience PackageSun/MoonroofNavigation SystemKeyless StartCan...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (27 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: MAJ3S2GE4KC280226
    Stock: KC280226
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-22-2025

  • $11,888
    great price
    $1,264 below market
    • 52,949 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • BMW of Carlsbad (75 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Carlsbad, CA / 75 miles away from Torrance, CA

    Engine: 2.0L Ti-Vct Gdi I-4Equipment Group 100AFront License Plate BracketMedium Stone; Cloth Front Bucket SeatsMoondust Silver MetallicTransmiss...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: MAJ6S3FLXKC270268
    Stock: KC270268
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-06-2025

  • $15,998
    fair price
    $693 below market
    • 18,228 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 27 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Palmdale (54 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Palmdale, CA / 54 miles away from Torrance, CA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (27 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: MAJ3S2FE3MC452637
    Stock: 27561242
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $14,499
    good price
    $1,316 below market
    • 74,216 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales Gardena (4 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Gardena, CA / 4 miles away from Torrance, CA

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: MAJ6S3GLXMC424737
    Stock: 8C4R2W
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-16-2025

  • $12,999
    great price
    $3,475 below market
    • 60,346 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Kar Genie (39 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Montclair, CA / 39 miles away from Torrance, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: MAJ6S3GLXMC425001
    Stock: T66626
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 1 - 21 out of 374 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Ford EcoSport

Read recent reviews for the Ford EcoSport
Overall Consumer Rating
3.5 out of 5 stars50 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 50 reviews
  • 5 star
    (40%)
  • 4 star
    (22%)
  • 3 star
    (4%)
  • 2 star
    (12%)
  • 1 star
    (22%)
5 out of 5 stars

Love it

Illinoistony, 10/31/2020
2020 Ford EcoSport SE 4dr SUV AWD (2.0L 4cyl 6A)
Economical...I easily hit 30mpg highway and smooth ride all the way. Pop into sport mode and it kicks up a notch too. Plenty of room for riders. I got just about all features and worth it. Handles nicely, no complaints.
Report abuse

Used 2020 Ford EcoSport in Torrance, CA Values

Estimated values
2020 Ford EcoSport SES 4dr SUV AWD (2.0L 4cyl 6A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$11,861$14,694$17,433
Clean$11,513$14,246$16,884
Average$10,933$13,501$15,968
Rough$10,179$12,532$14,777

The average list price of a used 2020 Ford EcoSport in Torrance, California is $14,476. The average mileage on a used Ford EcoSport 2020 for sale in Torrance, California is 51,245. Based on the average mileage of 51,245 for used 2020 Ford EcoSport for sale in Torrance, CA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Ford EcoSport 2020 in Torrance, California to be $10,933.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.