Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
462 listings
    • 31,889 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax Hillside (Eisenhower Expy) (453 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Hillside, IL / 453 miles away from Topeka, KS

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5M39LF110991
    Stock: 27245351
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 52,191 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax Glencoe (Edens Expy) (466 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Glencoe, IL / 466 miles away from Topeka, KS

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5M32LF120178
    Stock: 26455983
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 23,608 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Poquet Auto Sales (427 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Golden Valley, MN / 427 miles away from Topeka, KS

    SOLD - Navigation Pkg, Panoramic Roof, Leatherette, Heated Front Seats, Forward Collision Warning, BLIS, Lane Departure Warning, Apple CarPlay, Androi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5M3XLF117884
    Stock: 24251858
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-18-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 45,790 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Genesis of Conway (327 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Conway, AR / 327 miles away from Topeka, KS

    Recent Arrival!Active Front Lighting System, AM/FM radio: SiriusXM, Black Front Grille Mesh, Black Outside Mirror Caps, Blind Spot Intervention, Body ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5M31LF110838
    Stock: AG1266
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-28-2025

  • $18,988
    great price
    $3,099 below market
    • 88,179 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Gretna Auto Outlet (147 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Gretna, NE / 147 miles away from Topeka, KS

    Gretna Auto Outlet Sales 12190 South 216 Plaza Gretna, NE 68028 4**-3**-5***

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5M31KF101975
    Stock: 18250
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-15-2025

    • 42,592 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Autos of Chicago (457 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Arlington Heights, IL / 457 miles away from Topeka, KS

    *  Exclusive Deals For Limited Time *    * HOME OF THE NO HAGGLE PRICE *      * We work with all types of credit *        Low Rates! (On Approved Cred...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5M38LF111937
    Stock: 3993
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-05-2025

  • Price Drop
    $19,900
    great price
    $3,397 below market
    • 57,308 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Bill Walsh Toyota (395 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Ottawa, IL / 395 miles away from Topeka, KS

    Lunar White 2019 INFINITI QX50 4D Sport Utility ESSENTIAL I4 24/31 City/Highway MPG CVT FWD24/31 City/Highway MPG

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5M13KF105055
    Stock: 95006-1
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-22-2025

    • 77,012 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Autos of Forney (437 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Forney, TX / 437 miles away from Topeka, KS

    SUV car_truckEclipse Black 2019 INFINITI QX50 ESSENTIAL AWD CVT I4 Back Up Camera, Passed Inspection, Apple CarPlay / Android Auto.Local Autos of Forn...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5M30KF102650
    Stock: KF102650G
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-07-2025

  • $11,990
    great price
    $2,320 below market
    • 116,675 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • USA Auto & Truck (460 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 460 miles away from Topeka, KS

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5M1XKF123293
    Stock: 10034
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-04-2023

  • $23,555
    great price
    $2,555 below market
    • 59,272 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Autos of Chicago (457 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Arlington Heights, IL / 457 miles away from Topeka, KS

    Our One Owner 2021 INFINITI QX50 ESSENTIAL AWD with the Convenience Pack is a sports luxury SUV which will catch plenty of attention in Black Obsidian...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5CB2MF102189
    Stock: 3351
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-08-2024

  • Price Drop
    $26,346
    great price
    $2,841 below market
    • 36,016 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • AutoNation Nissan Memphis (427 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Memphis, TN / 427 miles away from Topeka, KS

    Panoramic RoofLeather Seats[N92] Illuminated Kick PlatesNavigation System[N93] Welcome Lighting[B92] Splash Guards (Set Of 4)Lane Keeping Assist...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5CB2MF117372
    Stock: MF117372
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-18-2025

    • 93,000 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • MYCAR.COM (445 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Pantego, TX / 445 miles away from Topeka, KS

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5M10KF147960
    Stock: 147960
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-13-2025

  • $24,500
    good price
    $1,675 below market
    • 42,130 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Ed Napleton's Kia Of Elmhurst (451 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Elmhurst, IL / 451 miles away from Topeka, KS

    2021 INFINITI QX50 LUXE AWD Graphite Shadow Apple CarPlay/Android Auto, Brake assist, Exterior Parking Camera Rear, Power Liftgate, Power moonroof.Fin...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5BB5MF106108
    Stock: DTTK25-698A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-04-2025

    • 48,717 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Autos of Dallas - Plano (421 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Plano, TX / 421 miles away from Topeka, KS

    Graphite Shadow 2021 INFINITI QX50 LUXE CAM,PANO,HTD STS,BLIND SPOT,19" WLS FWD CVT I4 ABS brakes, Active Cruise Control, Alloy wheels, Electronic Sta...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5BA3MF107250
    Stock: 107250
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-31-2025

    • 41,685 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Autos of Dallas - Plano (421 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Plano, TX / 421 miles away from Topeka, KS

    Back-Up Camera, Panoramic Roof, Heated Seats, Keyless Go, Parktronic, Blind Spot Monitor, Lane Keeping Assist, 19IN Wheels, Rear Spoiler, Engine Immob...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5BBXMF126161
    Stock: 126161
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-25-2025

  • $17,999
    good price
    $1,455 below market
    • 81,897 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • DART Motors LLC (452 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Mchenry, IL / 452 miles away from Topeka, KS

    Dart Motors | 905 IL-120 | Mchenry, IL 60051 | (2**) 4**-1*** | https://www.dart-motors.com

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5M31KF126309
    Stock: 879
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-14-2024

  • $17,990
    fair price
    $982 above market
    • 60,368 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Carvana - Memphis (418 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Memphis, TN / 418 miles away from Topeka, KS

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1BJ0RPXHM385368
    Stock: 2003594002
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-03-2025

    • 127,631 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Frisco Chrysler Dodge Jeep RAM (416 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Frisco, TX / 416 miles away from Topeka, KS

    Recent Arrival! 24/31 City/Highway MPG With our Below Market Pricing it saves you Time and Money! LEATHER, BACK UP CAMERA, BLUETOOTH, CRUISE CONTROL, ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5M16KF100755
    Stock: KF100755
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-29-2025

  • Price Drop
    $18,990
    fair price
    $221 below market
    • 102,927 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 986 miles away from Topeka, KS

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5M36KF114186
    Stock: 2003680994
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-25-2025

    • 98,429 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax McKinney (407 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in McKinney, TX / 407 miles away from Topeka, KS

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5CA0MF114154
    Stock: 26753494
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $24,990
    good price
    $1,860 below market
    • 38,475 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Zeigler Toyota of Racine (477 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Mount Pleasant, WI / 477 miles away from Topeka, KS

    *PANORAMIC MOONROOF, HEATED FRONT SEATS, REMOTE START!!! ONE OWNER! CLEAN CARFAX! *Land a score on this 2021 INFINITI QX50 LUXE before it's too late. ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5BB1MF125335
    Stock: MF125335
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-03-2025

Showing 22 - 42 out of 462 listings

Consumer Reviews for the INFINITI QX50

Read recent reviews for the INFINITI QX50
Overall Consumer Rating
2.9 out of 5 stars81 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 81 reviews
  • 5 star
    (26%)
  • 4 star
    (17%)
  • 3 star
    (12%)
  • 2 star
    (12%)
  • 1 star
    (32%)
3 out of 5 stars

Electrical systems fail

Wayne Locke, 01/11/2019
2019 INFINITI QX50 ESSENTIAL 4dr SUV AWD (2.0L 4cyl Turbo CVT)
The controls on the central console have a tendency to fail. You will not be able to disconnect a phone call and all the controls freeze preventing adjustments to the navigation, climate control, radio and blue tooth phone. There have also been incidents of the entire screen going black. This happens while the vehicle is in operation and can cause a very dangerous situation. infiniti … has acknowledged the situation. They were able to replicate the problem at the dealership and admitted to numerous other similar complaints. I first raised the issue in November of 2018. As of January 10, 2019, they do not have a solution and the problem is continuing to occur. This goes beyond inconvenience. Failure of these systems while the vehicle is in operation causes a dangerous situation.
Report abuse

Used 2020 INFINITI QX50 in Topeka, KS Values

Estimated values
2020 INFINITI QX50 ESSENTIAL 4dr SUV AWD (2.0L 4cyl Turbo CVT) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$18,846$21,544$24,138
Clean$18,503$21,150$23,694
Average$17,932$20,492$22,953
Rough$17,189$19,638$21,991

The average list price of a used 2020 INFINITI QX50 in Topeka, Kansas is $21,817. The average mileage on a used INFINITI QX50 2020 for sale in Topeka, Kansas is 65,038. Based on the average mileage of 65,038 for used 2020 INFINITI QX50 for sale in Topeka, KS and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used INFINITI QX50 2020 in Topeka, Kansas to be $17,932.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.