Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
109 listings
  • Price Drop
    $11,210
    great price
    $2,268 below market
    • 97,194 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use
    • 2 Seats, 24 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Serra Kia (194 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Washington, MI / 194 miles away from Columbus, OH

    15" WHEELS, FWD, LEATHER WRAPPED STEERING WHEEL W/ MOUNTED CONTROLS, KEYLESS ENTRY, BLUETOOTH CAPABLE, TRACTION CONTROL, BRAKE ASSIST, CRUISE CONTROLS...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (24 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N6CM0KN2HK690409
    Stock: P24962
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-13-2025

  • Price Drop
    $11,834
    good price
    $1,674 below market
    • 95,369 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 2 Seats, 24 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Prestige Auto Group (111 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    Close

    Located in Tallmadge, OH / 111 miles away from Columbus, OH

    Fresh Powder 2016 Nissan NV200 SV FWD CVT with Xtronic 2.0L 4-Cylinder DOHC 16V One Owner, NV200 SV, 4D Cargo Van, 2.0L 4-Cylinder DOHC 16V, CVT with ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (24 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N6CM0KN0GK696790
    Stock: G3659CB
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-18-2025

  • $8,995
    fair price
    $765 below market
    • 137,175 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use
    • 2 Seats, 24 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Mileground Pre-Owned Motors (161 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Morgantown, WV / 161 miles away from Columbus, OH

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (24 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N6CM0KN1GK698922
    Stock: 4532A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-23-2025

  • $12,990
    fair price
    $801 above market
    • 123,985 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 2 Seats, 24 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Cornerstone Premium Motors (134 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Columbiana, OH / 134 miles away from Columbus, OH

    2 OWNER...CLEAN AUTOCHECK VEHICLE HISTORY REPORT...LOCAL TRADE IN...2016 NISSAN NV200 2.5S REFRIGERATION VAN...THERMO KING V-200 MAX REFRIGERATION UNI...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (24 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N6CM0KN3GK698579
    Stock: BB231
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-30-2025

  • New Listing
    • 243,693 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 2 Seats, 24 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • All Star Auto Group (142 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Poland, OH / 142 miles away from Columbus, OH

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (24 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N6CM0KN2GK696337
    Stock: 12656
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-03-2025

    • 267,020 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 2 Seats, 24 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Raptor Automotive (144 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Fort Wayne, IN / 144 miles away from Columbus, OH

    ** BLUETOOTH **, **CLEAN CAR FAX**, **NEW BRAKES**, **NEW TIRES**, ** AUTOMATIC **, ** KEYLESS ENTRY **, ** 4 MONTH / 4,000 MILE WARRANTY (Ask dealer ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (24 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N6CM0KN1EK697475
    Stock: R2501044A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $10,995
    great price
    $3,563 below market
    • 79,989 miles
    • 1 accident, 5 owners, rental vehicle
    • 2 Seats, 24 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • AG Auto Group (5 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 5 miles away from Columbus, OH

    UP FOR SALE IS THIS BEAUTIFUL 2017 NISSAN NV200 SV 2.0L, 4 cylinder engine. 79,989 original miles. Its a great work van. Automatic Transmission. AC/He...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (24 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N6CM0KN4HK715794
    Stock: 002716
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-11-2025

  • $11,987
    good price
    $1,546 below market
    • 116,436 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 2 Seats, 24 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Serra Kia (194 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Washington, MI / 194 miles away from Columbus, OH

    15" WHEELS, FWD, LEATHER WRAPPED STEERING WHEEL W/ MOUNTED CONTROLS, KEYLESS ENTRY, BLUETOOTH CAPABLE, HEATED DOOR MIRRORS, REAR VISION CAMERA, TRACTI...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (24 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N6CM0KNXKK703737
    Stock: P24847
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-24-2025

  • $10,500
    good price
    $2,526 below market
    • 80,412 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 2 Seats, 24 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Prime Time Auto Financing (172 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Redford, MI / 172 miles away from Columbus, OH

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (24 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N6CM0KN1FK729505
    Stock: 727505
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $9,995
    good price
    $1,337 below market
    • 118,898 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 2 Seats, 24 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Oaks Automotive (94 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 94 miles away from Columbus, OH

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (24 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N6CM0KN7FK695487
    Stock: E695487
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $10,000
    good price
    $1,904 below market
    • 119,845 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 2 Seats, 24 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • 4 Friends Auto Sales (175 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 175 miles away from Columbus, OH

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (24 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N6CM0KN3HK708982
    Stock: 886129
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-21-2024

  • Price Drop
    $13,980
    fair price
    $222 below market
    • 40,368 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 2 Seats, 24 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Hugh White Nissan Lancaster (22 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Lancaster, OH / 22 miles away from Columbus, OH

    If the deal is right, it must be Hugh White!2015 Nissan NV200 SV Fresh Powder CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. NV200 SV, 4D Cargo Van, 2.0L 4-Cylinder ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (24 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N6CM0KNXFK735190
    Stock: 35545870
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-06-2025

  • $10,600
    good price
    $1,536 below market
    • 89,111 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 2 Seats, 24 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • NonStop Motors (165 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 165 miles away from Columbus, OH

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (24 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N6CM0KN0FK694598
    Stock: 694598
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-15-2025

  • New Listing
    $12,999
    fair price
    $3 above market
    • 107,787 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 2 Seats, 24 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Ohio Car Mart (107 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Elyria, OH / 107 miles away from Columbus, OH

    Experience the perfect blend of efficiency and versatility with the 2019 Nissan NV200 SV. Dressed in a sleek Fresh Powder exterior, this compact cargo...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (24 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N6CM0KN1KK709815
    Stock: 709815A01
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-04-2025

  • $12,995
    fair price
    $568 above market
    • 108,000 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 2 Seats, 24 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Credit (88 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Milford, OH / 88 miles away from Columbus, OH

    2017 NISSAN NV200 S MINIVAN Efficient, Reliable, and Ready for Work Take your business to the next level with the 2017 Nissan NV200 S Minivan, availab...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (24 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N6CM0KN1HK718314
    Stock: 718314
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-12-2024

  • New Listing
    • 9,920 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 2 Seats, 24 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Kevin's Auto Sales (169 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Scarbro, WV / 169 miles away from Columbus, OH

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (24 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N6CM0KN5FK700878
    Stock: 700878
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-01-2025

    • 103,016 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 2 Seats, 24 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • G & L Motors Inc. (172 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in New Kensington, PA / 172 miles away from Columbus, OH

    Great Finance Options on this 2017 Nissan NV200 Cargo Van with cargo divider, Bluetooth, ladder rack, privacy doors all the way around to keep your...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (24 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N6CM0KN4HK703600
    Stock: 13746
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-07-2025

  • New Listing
    • 117,155 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 2 Seats, 24 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Tower Auto Sales (166 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Pittsburgh, PA / 166 miles away from Columbus, OH

    Back Up Camera, Bluetooth, Navigation, Sat Radio, Smart Device Integration, Ladder Racks, Fully Serviced And Detailed Before Delivery, All Trades We...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (24 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N6CM0KNXHK705612
    Stock: 5612
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-31-2025

    • 105,000 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 2 Seats, 24 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • North Hills Auto Mall (156 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Pittsburgh, PA / 156 miles away from Columbus, OH

    BRAND NEW INSPECTION AND 4 NEW TIRES.... ALSO IS EXCELLENT CLEAN CONDITION. SV TRIM PACKAGE WITH BACK-UP CAMERA AND NAVIGATION

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (24 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N6CM0KN4FK713850
    Stock: CARGO MINI VAN
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-19-2025

  • New Listing
    • 84,578 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 2 Seats, 24 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from FL to OH*
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Royal Palm Beach, FL / 931 miles away from Columbus, OH

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (24 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N6CM0KN8HK701803
    Stock: 27360931
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 105,738 miles
    • 1 accident, 6 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 2 Seats, 24 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Courtesy Automall (97 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 97 miles away from Columbus, OH

    Carfax Certified! Full Power Equipment! Navigation! Backup Camera! Bluetooth! Tilt and Cruise! Keyless Entry! Bin Package! Super Clean! Wow!

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (24 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N6CM0KN3HK716094
    Stock: 1009
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-05-2024

Showing 1 - 21 out of 109 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Nissan NV200

Read recent reviews for the Nissan NV200
Overall Consumer Rating
3 out of 5 stars31 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 31 reviews
  • 5 star
    (26%)
  • 4 star
    (19%)
  • 3 star
    (13%)
  • 2 star
    (16%)
  • 1 star
    (26%)
4.75 out of 5 stars

NV200 First Impression

cal18, 08/10/2013
2013 Nissan NV200 SV 4dr Minivan (2.0L 4cyl CVT)
Yes, it only has a little over 100 miles, but after comparison to the Transit Connect, I decided to bring one home today. Better fit and finish, better ride and handling and priced less with the options. It is a peppy little van and it is deceivingly quick with CVT transmission. It doesn't seem quick but it pulls like an electric car, no shifting!. We got 30 mpg average on the trip home … with A/C on and a 2000 foot elevation gain in 75 miles. I will update in a few weeks.
Report abuse

Used 2017 Nissan NV200 in Columbus, OH Values

Estimated values
2017 Nissan NV200 S 4dr Minivan (2.0L 4cyl CVT) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$5,596$8,170$10,146
Clean$5,389$7,851$9,730
Average$5,045$7,320$9,036
Rough$4,597$6,630$8,134

The average list price of a used 2017 Nissan NV200 in Columbus, Ohio is $12,012. The average mileage on a used Nissan NV200 2017 for sale in Columbus, Ohio is 111,938. Based on the average mileage of 111,938 for used 2017 Nissan NV200 for sale in Columbus, OH and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Nissan NV200 2017 in Columbus, Ohio to be $5,045.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.