Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
108 listings
  • $15,995
    fair price
    $214 above market
    • 61,833 miles
    • 3 accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 17 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Treasure Valley Subaru (331 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Nampa, ID / 331 miles away from Eugene, OR

    Crystal Red Tintcoat CARFAX One-Owner. Luxury Local Trade In, XTS Luxury, 4D Sedan, 3.6L V6 DGI DOHC VVT, 6-Speed Automatic, AWD, Crystal Red Tintcoat...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2G61N5S36E9145263
    Stock: S25404A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-27-2025

    • 162,817 miles
    • No accidents, 5 owners, personal use
    • 17 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Northwest Premier Auto Sales (249 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Kennewick, WA / 249 miles away from Eugene, OR

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (17 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2G61S5S34E9152219
    Stock: 152219
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 129,813 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 17 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Power Chevrolet GMC (66 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Newport, OR / 66 miles away from Eugene, OR

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2G61R5S35E9193261
    Stock: DG73261
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-06-2025

  • Appraise
    my car

    Get the Edmunds appraisal report and a no-obligation offer for your car

    See my car’s value
  • $10,991
    fair price
    $828 below market
    • 100,577 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 17 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • APX Auto Brokers (268 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Edmonds, WA / 268 miles away from Eugene, OR

    2013 CADILLAC XTS LUXURY COLLECTION Local trade clean title, automatic transmission, luxury collection, remote start and keyless entry, cooled and he...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (17 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2G61P5S34D9122055
    Stock: 122055
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-21-2025

  • Price Drop
    $6,899
    fair price
    $45 below market
    • 182,261 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 17 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • DRIVEN (339 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Boise, ID / 339 miles away from Eugene, OR

    ?? MONKEY MADNESS BLOWOUT SALE! ??We're clearing out the Monkey Lot to make room for new inventory�so these vehicles are priced to MOVE!?? Blowout Pri...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (17 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2G61P5S30D9100232
    Stock: MA100232
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 58,960 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 17 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Duffy's Auto Brokerage (238 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Auburn, WA / 238 miles away from Eugene, OR

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2G61T5S33D9186535
    Stock: 12944
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-24-2025

  • Price Drop
    $14,525
    fair price
    $291 above market
    • 77,131 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 17 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Beaverton Car Company (109 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Hillsboro, OR / 109 miles away from Eugene, OR

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (17 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2G61S5S34D9100605
    Stock: P16370
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-05-2025

  • $12,999
    fair price
    $371 above market
    • 94,679 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 17 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Sports Cars International - Bothell (267 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Bothell, WA / 267 miles away from Eugene, OR

    Experience the perfect blend of luxury, performance, and sophistication with the 2013 Cadillac XTS Luxury Collection. This elegant sedan is designed t...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (17 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2G61P5S36D9196156
    Stock: 21829
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-04-2025

    • 95,024 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 17 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Armadillo Auto Sales (273 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Lynnwood, WA / 273 miles away from Eugene, OR

    This Exceptionally Clean Low Mileage 2013 Cadillac XTS Luxury Collection AWDis a Local Trade In, No Accidents, Non Smoker and Has Been Well Maintained...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2G61R5S32D9212914
    Stock: 8465
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 56,072 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 17 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Sacramento (389 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 389 miles away from Eugene, OR

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (17 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2G61P5S33D9210742
    Stock: 2003726948
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-16-2025

  • $8,995
    great price
    $1,971 below market
    • 124,329 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 17 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • JZ Auto Sales (108 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Happy Valley, OR / 108 miles away from Eugene, OR

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2G61N5S37E9184587
    Stock: 4568
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $14,999
    good price
    $1,688 below market
    • 67,725 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 18 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Sports Cars International - Lynnwood South (269 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Lynnwood, WA / 269 miles away from Eugene, OR

    Experience the perfect blend of sophistication and performance with this 2016 Cadillac XTS Luxury Sedan. With its sleek design and elegant lines, this...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (18 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2G61M5S38G9108284
    Stock: 21490
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-26-2025

  • $11,889
    good price
    $1,567 below market
    • 93,881 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 17 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Wexford, PA / 2,188 miles away from Eugene, OR

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Rare Find,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless Start,Lane Departure War...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2G61N5S37E9306879
    Stock: H306879V
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $16,470
    fair price
    $1,100 below market
    • 32,355 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 17 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Madison, WI / 1,686 miles away from Eugene, OR

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Low Mileage,Rare Find,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless Start,Lane D...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2G61N5S36E9194608
    Stock: E9194608K
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $13,500
    fair price
    $564 below market
    • 79,272 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 17 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Top Gear Motors (271 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Lynnwood, WA / 271 miles away from Eugene, OR

    Our phenomenal 2014 Cadillac XTS luxury FWD Sedan on display in Silver is sure to please you. Powered by a Direct Injected 3.6 Liter V6 that offers 41...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (17 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2G61M5S32E9199310
    Stock: 2551
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-29-2025

  • New Listing
    $9,500
    fair price
    $482 below market
    • 133,212 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, rental vehicle
    • 17 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Mountain Home Ford Lincoln (378 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Mountain Home, ID / 378 miles away from Eugene, OR

    Vehicle DetailsDiscover the perfect blend of luxury and performance with this 2014 Cadillac XTS Luxury, an exceptional pre-owned vehicle that promises...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2G61N5S34E9301090
    Stock: HL05007B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-19-2025

  • $8,800
    fair price
    $348 below market
    • 144,703 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 17 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Platinum Auto Sales (215 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Lacey, WA / 215 miles away from Eugene, OR

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (17 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2G61L5S3XE9119979
    Stock: 119979
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-14-2025

  • $10,999
    fair price
    $27 above market
    • 134,552 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 17 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Mazda of Everett (276 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Everett, WA / 276 miles away from Eugene, OR

    17/26 City/Highway MPGReviews: * Enough rear legroom to please a livery driver; absorbent ride on rough roads; impressive array of high-tech feat...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2G61N5S32G9194060
    Stock: 26681A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-27-2025

  • New Listing
    $20,590
    fair price
    $2,374 above market
    • 46,815 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 17 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Kansas City, MO / 1,507 miles away from Eugene, OR

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2G61R5S38E9211462
    Stock: 2003498872
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-26-2025

  • Price Drop
    $10,788
    great price
    $3,841 below market
    • 74,976 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 17 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Mudarri Motorsports (264 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Kirkland, WA / 264 miles away from Eugene, OR

    Financing Available Regardless of your credit history or situation. Good Credit! Bad Credit! No Credit! Well get you approved today! Paying TOP $$$ fo...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (17 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2G61S5S34D9107912
    Stock: 107912
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-21-2025

    • 153,789 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 17 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Bay Auto Sport (458 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Santa Clara, CA / 458 miles away from Eugene, OR

    2014 CADILLAC XTS PREMIUM COLLECTION**AWD**Clean Title**Sold By Dealer**We Do Finance**Extra Clean**Fully Optioned**Fully Maintained with over 29 Main...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2G61R5S37E9139251
    Stock: 39251
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-31-2025

Showing 1 - 21 out of 108 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Cadillac XTS

Read recent reviews for the Cadillac XTS
Overall Consumer Rating
3.5 out of 5 stars26 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 26 reviews
  • 5 star
    (42%)
  • 4 star
    (15%)
  • 3 star
    (8%)
  • 2 star
    (15%)
  • 1 star
    (19%)
3 out of 5 stars

xts my 5th and last cadillac

Lorrell Cooper, 08/15/2018
2014 Cadillac XTS Premium 4dr Sedan (3.6L 6cyl 6A)
My family cars have all been Cadillac since 1993. I have had five of them now.. First off my 2014 XTS (bought new) is smaller and it can no longer be called a big luxury car. It might as well be a Toyota in that regard. They changed the suspension so it handled more like a sports car. To do so they sacrificed a smooth ride. It rides like a truck., You feel every bump. It is not a quiet … ride. You hear the tire hum and other outside noise quite a bit. I recently rented a Ford Torus and was amazed at how much smoother the ride was and how quiet it was inside the car by comparison. You need really good eyes to be able to read most of the instruments on the dash and it distracts your concentration on the road. The voice recognition for navigation and radio/cd etc is terrible. My cell phone is considerably better. the opening to get into the car is so small (35"high) entry is difficult. You really have to double over and bend your head down to get in. I'm agile enough to do it, but my wife has a hard time. It has a great many high tech features for convenience and safety that are really nice..........but so does everybody else. And finally...When it was 2 years old, it had depreciated to half of it's $52000 price (before taxes etc).........4 1/2 years old with 19000 miles on it and the resale value is in the toilet! (update 11/2017) Sold this Cadillac. Bought it for $57000 out the door.....sold it for $24000...just under 5 years old = $6600 deprecation per year.
Report abuse

Used 2014 Cadillac XTS in Eugene, OR Values

Estimated values
2014 Cadillac XTS Luxury 4dr Sedan AWD (3.6L 6cyl 6A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$6,417$9,491$11,382
Clean$6,119$9,014$10,768
Average$5,622$8,220$9,745
Rough$4,976$7,187$8,416

The average list price of a used 2014 Cadillac XTS in Eugene, Oregon is $12,976. The average mileage on a used Cadillac XTS 2014 for sale in Eugene, Oregon is 100,227. Based on the average mileage of 100,227 for used 2014 Cadillac XTS for sale in Eugene, OR and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Cadillac XTS 2014 in Eugene, Oregon to be $5,622.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.