Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
365 listings
  • Price Drop
    $19,546
    great price
    $1,676 below market
    • 23,824 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Stillwell Ford (60 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Hillsdale, MI / 60 miles away from Perrysburg, OH

    REMAINING FULL FACTORY WARRANTY!, FACTORY POWERTRAIN WARRANTY, BLUE OVAL CERTIFIED!!!, TWO OWNERS NO ACCIDENTS, LOCAL TRADE, GREAT VEHICLE HISTORY!, B...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: MAJ6S3JL8NC461411
    Stock: 25262A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-20-2025

  • $18,995
    great price
    $1,363 below market
    • 11,448 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Spitzer Chevrolet Amherst (74 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Amherst, OH / 74 miles away from Perrysburg, OH

    CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. Smoke Metallic 2022 Ford EcoSport SE 4WD 6-Speed Automatic 2.0L I4 Ti-VCT GDIRecent Arrival! 23/29 City/Highway MPG...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: MAJ6S3GL9NC470285
    Stock: 35462AM
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-02-2025

  • $12,900
    great price
    $1,881 below market
    • 79,595 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Serra Mazda Brighton (69 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Brighton, MI / 69 miles away from Perrysburg, OH

    Clean CARFAX. Active Parking Assist, Heated Seats, Touchscreen Controls, Backup Camera, Keyless Access with Push Button Start, Automatic Headlights, A...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: MAJ6S3GL0LC328890
    Stock: MT666B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-26-2025

  • $14,495
    great price
    $2,084 below market
    • 56,729 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (90 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Washington, MI / 90 miles away from Perrysburg, OH

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Navigati...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: MAJ6S3GL0LC344345
    Stock: TLC344345
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $13,150
    great price
    $2,588 below market
    • 62,290 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (73 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Troy, MI / 73 miles away from Perrysburg, OH

    Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Satellite Radio,Sunroof / Moonroof,WiFi Hotspot,Heated Seats,Power Door...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: MAJ6S3GL9LC336017
    Stock: LC336017P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $18,470
    fair price
    $1,119 below market
    • 17,082 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Mike Bass Ford (80 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Sheffield Village, OH / 80 miles away from Perrysburg, OH

    Moondust Silver Metallic 2020 Ford EcoSport SES 300A 4x4 4WD 6-Speed Automatic 2.0L I4 Ti-VCT GDI AppLink/Apple CarPlay and Android Auto, Automatic te...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: MAJ6S3JL0LC339221
    Stock: P10139
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-12-2025

  • Price Drop
    $15,328
    good price
    $1,707 below market
    • 17,376 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Sesi Lincoln (51 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Ann Arbor, MI / 51 miles away from Perrysburg, OH

    A simple, comfortable ride! This Diamond White 2019 Ford EcoSport SE 4WD has very low miles, a clean title, and the potential for your next purchase! ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: MAJ6S3GL8KC304917
    Stock: 78865
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-16-2025

  • $17,777
    good price
    $978 below market
    • 28,830 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Ben Davis Chevrolet (76 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Auburn, IN / 76 miles away from Perrysburg, OH

    Clean Carfax!, AppLink/Apple CarPlay and Android Auto, BLIS Blind Spot Information System, Exterior Parking Camera Rear, Heated front seats, Power moo...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: MAJ6S3GL9NC469881
    Stock: P9491
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-19-2025

  • $17,280
    fair price
    $476 below market
    • 37,141 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Mike Bass Ford (80 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Sheffield Village, OH / 80 miles away from Perrysburg, OH

    Lightning Blue Metallic 2021 Ford EcoSport SE 200A 4x4 4WD 6-Speed Automatic 2.0L I4 Ti-VCT GDI CLEAN VEHICLE HISTORY REPORT- *VISIT OUR WEBSITE TO VI...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: MAJ6S3GL8MC404230
    Stock: R2251
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-11-2025

  • New Listing
    $9,995
    good price
    $1,397 below market
    • 75,515 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 27 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (90 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Washington, MI / 90 miles away from Perrysburg, OH

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Rare Find,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Turbo/Supercharged,Power Door Locks,Brake Assist,Floor Mats,Front Wheel D...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (27 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: MAJ3P1RE7JC212882
    Stock: TJC212822
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $19,098
    good price
    $471 below market
    • 17,069 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Jack Demmer Ford (52 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Wayne, MI / 52 miles away from Perrysburg, OH

    2022 Ford EcoSport SE in Moondust Silver Metallic vehicle highlights include...., Ford Blue Certified, Clean One Owner Carfax, SE Appearance Package, ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: MAJ6S3GL4NC462420
    Stock: 250732A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-25-2025

  • Price Drop
    $18,136
    good price
    $775 below market
    • 23,601 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Jack Demmer Ford (52 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Wayne, MI / 52 miles away from Perrysburg, OH

    2022 Ford EcoSport SE in Moondust Silver Metallic vehicle highlights include...., Ford Blue Certified, Clean One Owner Carfax, SE Convenience Package,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: MAJ6S3GL5NC464581
    Stock: 19439
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-19-2025

  • $17,742
    good price
    $588 below market
    • 21,195 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Serra Ford Rochester Hills (79 mi away)
    • Five Star Dealer
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Rochester Hills, MI / 79 miles away from Perrysburg, OH

    Call for this GREAT DEAL on this well maintained vehicle! Our ONE PRICE PROMISE ensures you will get the best deal in town. HURRY this deal won't last...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: MAJ6S3GL5NC464578
    Stock: NC464578
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-07-2025

  • $9,855
    good price
    $1,573 below market
    • 86,346 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Great Lakes Honda West (79 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Elyria, OH / 79 miles away from Perrysburg, OH

    CARFAX One-Owner. Carfax CERTIFIED accident free, CARFAX CERTIFIED ONE OWNER VEHICLE!!, Completely serviced and safety inspected, buy with confidence,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: MAJ6P1UL2JC248711
    Stock: W24919A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-16-2025

  • New Listing
    $14,777
    good price
    $1,538 below market
    • 56,057 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Taylor Kia of Lima (61 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Lima, OH / 61 miles away from Perrysburg, OH

    Recent Arrival! Taylor Kia of Lima is very proud to offer this 2020 Ford EcoSport SES in Shadow Black with Ebony Black. This EcoSport is very well equ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: MAJ6S3JLXLC353806
    Stock: RM9073
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-22-2025

  • Price Drop
    $18,656
    fair price
    $137 below market
    • 19,130 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Jack Demmer Ford (52 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Wayne, MI / 52 miles away from Perrysburg, OH

    2022 Ford EcoSport SE in Race Red vehicle highlights include...., Ford Blue Certified, Clean One Owner Carfax, Power moonroof, Rear Parking Sensors, R...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: MAJ6S3GLXNC457464
    Stock: 230963A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-19-2025

  • $18,495
    good price
    $1,098 below market
    • 20,195 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • AutoNation Ford Westlake (90 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Westlake, OH / 90 miles away from Perrysburg, OH

    Se Convenience PackageSun/MoonroofNavigation SystemInterior Protection PackageEngine Block HeaterKeyless StartBlack; Unique Cloth Heated Front B...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: MAJ6S3GL7NC463481
    Stock: NC463481
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-23-2025

  • Price Drop
    $16,298
    good price
    $1,101 below market
    • 47,201 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • AutoNation Ford Amherst (74 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Amherst, OH / 74 miles away from Perrysburg, OH

    The following items have been reconditioned on this vehicle: all new tires! Sun/MoonroofNavigation SystemInterior Protection PackageKeyless Star...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: MAJ6S3KL9MC455422
    Stock: MC455422
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-09-2025

  • $19,990
    good price
    $638 below market
    • 23,282 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Mike Bass Ford (80 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Sheffield Village, OH / 80 miles away from Perrysburg, OH

    Lightning Blue Metallic 2022 Ford EcoSport SES 4WD 6-Speed Automatic 2.0L I4 Ti-VCT GDI **ONE OWNER**, CLEAN VEHICLE HISTORY REPORT- *VISIT OUR WEBSIT...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: MAJ6S3JL2NC475143
    Stock: H4354
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-23-2025

  • Price Drop
    $18,098
    fair price
    $363 below market
    • 28,731 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Jack Demmer Ford (52 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Wayne, MI / 52 miles away from Perrysburg, OH

    2022 Ford EcoSport SE in Luxe Yellow Metallic vehicle highlights include...., Ford Blue Certified, Clean One Owner Carfax, Ambient Lighting, AppLink/...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: MAJ6S3GL1NC457465
    Stock: 250679A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-29-2025

  • $17,105
    fair price
    $613 below market
    • 29,989 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Feldman Chevrolet of Lansing (93 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Lansing, MI / 93 miles away from Perrysburg, OH

    2021 Ford EcoSport SE Certified. CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. Odometer is 4897 miles below market average! Certification Program Details: Type your...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: MAJ6S3GL3MC440763
    Stock: PBR177693A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-27-2025

Showing 1 - 21 out of 365 listings
Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.