Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
128 listings
    • 26,276 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 28 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • MINI of Towson (93 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Towson, MD / 93 miles away from Fredericksburg, VA

    Touchscreen NavigationDual MoonroofNavigation SystemKeyless StartRear SpoilerBlack Roof & Mirror CapsCarbon Black; Sensatec Leatherette Upholste...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (28 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMW53DK03P2S87931
    Stock: P2S87931
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 07-03-2025

    • 23,676 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 28 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • MINI of Montgomery County (63 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Gaithersburg, MD / 63 miles away from Fredericksburg, VA

    2023 MINI Cooper S Signature Hardtop 4 Door Island Blue Metallic FWD 2.0L 16V TwinPower Turbo AutomaticAluminum Interior Surface, Panoramic Moonroof...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (28 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMW53DK0XP2T06538
    Stock: 12069A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-28-2025

  • Stock photo**
    • 20,704 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 29 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • MINI of Montgomery County (63 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Gaithersburg, MD / 63 miles away from Fredericksburg, VA

    Recent Arrival! 2023 MINI Cooper Signature Hardtop 4 Door** White Silver** FWD 1.5L 12V Twin Power Turbo Automatic** Heated Front Seats** Panoramic Ro...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (29 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMW33DK01P2S85375
    Stock: MS85375P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-24-2025

  • New Listing
    • 17,171 miles
    • 29 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax White Marsh (96 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in White Marsh, MD / 96 miles away from Fredericksburg, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (29 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMW33DK02P2T42358
    Stock: 27544884
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $20,399
    fair price
    $11 above market
    • 42,203 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 27 City / 37 Hwy MPG
    • MINI of Montgomery County (63 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    Close

    Located in Gaithersburg, MD / 63 miles away from Fredericksburg, VA

    Recent Arrival! 2022 MINI Cooper Classic Hardtop 4 Door** Midnight Black Metallic** FWD 1.5L 12V Twin Power Turbo Automatic** Heated Front Seats** Rea...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (27 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMW33DK08N2P71274
    Stock: D13526
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-17-2025

    • 27,277 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 23 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Passport MINI of Alexandria (43 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Alexandria, VA / 43 miles away from Fredericksburg, VA

    ***ICONIC EDITION***MALT BROWN CHESTERFIELD LEATHER*** Arrival! 2022 MINI Cooper S British Racing Green FWD 2.0L 16V TwinPower Turbo AutomaticAdvanced...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMW53DK03N2S45773
    Stock: P17373
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-08-2025

    • 22,723 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 23 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Passport MINI of Alexandria (43 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    Close

    Located in Alexandria, VA / 43 miles away from Fredericksburg, VA

    Certified. 2022 MINI Cooper S White Silver Metallic FWD 2.0L 16V TwinPower Turbo AutomaticAdvanced Real-Time Traffic Information, Apple CarPlay Compat...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMW53DK05N2R86331
    Stock: P17364
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-03-2025

  • $26,635
    fair price
    $793 above market
    • 24,190 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 23 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Crown MINI of Richmond (45 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 45 miles away from Fredericksburg, VA

    RECALL NOTICE: Some vehicles offered for sale may be subject to unrepaired manufacturer safety recalls. To determine the recall status of a vehicle, v...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMW53DK00R2V55529
    Stock: CMRP240332
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-30-2025

    • 29,822 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 23 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Passport MINI of Alexandria (43 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Alexandria, VA / 43 miles away from Fredericksburg, VA

    Certified. 2022 MINI Cooper S Island Blue Metallic FWD 2.0L 16V TwinPower Turbo AutomaticAdvanced Real-Time Traffic Information, Apple CarPlay Compati...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMW53DK09N2S46863
    Stock: P17362
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-01-2025

  • New Listing
    $25,995
    fair price
    $419 above market
    • 27,155 miles
    • 23 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Crown MINI of Richmond (45 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 45 miles away from Fredericksburg, VA

    RECALL NOTICE: Some vehicles offered for sale may be subject to unrepaired manufacturer safety recalls. To determine the recall status of a vehicle, v...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMW53DK08R2V44830
    Stock: CMRQ240329
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-30-2025

    • 9,693 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 23 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Passport MINI of Alexandria (43 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    Close

    Located in Alexandria, VA / 43 miles away from Fredericksburg, VA

    ***ICONIC EDITION***MALT BROWN CHESTERFIELD LEATHER***JOHN COOPER WORKS EXHAUST SYSTEM***Recent Arrival! 2024 MINI Cooper S Nanuq White Metallic FWD 2...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMW53DK04R2U34745
    Stock: P17457
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 07-18-2025

    • 33,380 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 23 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Passport MINI of Alexandria (43 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    Close

    Located in Alexandria, VA / 43 miles away from Fredericksburg, VA

    Certified. 2022 MINI Cooper S Gray FWD 2.0L 16V TwinPower Turbo Automatic*** NAVIGATION SYSTEM ***, *** DUAL PANORAMIC POWER SUNROOF / MOONROOF! ***, ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMW53DK04N2P74391
    Stock: 14705A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 07-10-2025

    • 32,363 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 23 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Crown MINI of Richmond (45 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 45 miles away from Fredericksburg, VA

    RECALL NOTICE: Some vehicles offered for sale may be subject to unrepaired manufacturer safety recalls. To determine the recall status of a vehicle, v...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMW53DK01R2V31434
    Stock: CMRP240330
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-12-2025

    • 34,698 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 23 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Crown MINI of Richmond (45 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 45 miles away from Fredericksburg, VA

    RECALL NOTICE: Some vehicles offered for sale may be subject to unrepaired manufacturer safety recalls. To determine the recall status of a vehicle, v...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMW53DK03R2V31709
    Stock: CMRP240331
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-11-2025

  • New Listing
    • 17,775 miles
    • 23 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Brandywine (46 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Brandywine, MD / 46 miles away from Fredericksburg, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMW53DK08N2R31193
    Stock: 27750618
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 24,046 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 23 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Passport MINI of Alexandria (43 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    Close

    Located in Alexandria, VA / 43 miles away from Fredericksburg, VA

    Certified. 2022 MINI Cooper S White Silver Metallic FWD 2.0L 16V TwinPower Turbo AutomaticAdvanced Real-Time Traffic Information, Apple CarPlay Compat...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMW53DK07N2S00061
    Stock: P17421
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-07-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 21,558 miles
    • Frame damage reported, 2 owners, personal use
    • 23 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Bob Davidson Ford Lincoln (94 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Baltimore, MD / 94 miles away from Fredericksburg, VA

    2022 MINI Cooper S Iconic ** NO ACCIDENTS REPORTED, **** CERTIFIED PRE-OWNED, **** REAR BACKUP CAMERA, *** NAVIGATION SYSTEM, **LEATHER SEAT...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: Yes

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMW53DK0XN2R00625
    Stock: 30438A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-31-2025

  • Price Drop
    $23,999
    great price
    $3,255 below market
    • 25,643 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 28 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Wesley Chapel, FL / 746 miles away from Fredericksburg, VA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Rare Find,High Value Options,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Satellite Rad...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (28 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMW53DK09P2T81389
    Stock: P2T81389
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $25,998
    great price
    $2,279 below market
    • 20,513 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 28 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NC to VA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 278 miles away from Fredericksburg, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (28 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMW53DK02P2S65080
    Stock: 27292690
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $26,998
    fair price
    $422 below market
    • 9,237 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 26 City / 37 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Laurel (70 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Laurel, MD / 70 miles away from Fredericksburg, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWXU7C08M2N94416
    Stock: 27572989
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $27,998
    fair price
    $96 below market
    • 19,876 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 28 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from SC to VA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Columbia, SC / 353 miles away from Fredericksburg, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (28 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMW53DK05P2S78339
    Stock: 27662263
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 1 - 21 out of 128 listings

Consumer Reviews for the MINI Hardtop 4 Door

Read recent reviews for the MINI Hardtop 4 Door
Overall Consumer Rating
4.8 out of 5 stars16 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 16 reviews
  • 5 star
    (94%)
  • 4 star
    (0%)
  • 3 star
    (0%)
  • 2 star
    (6%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
5 out of 5 stars

Super Fun AND Practical

Karen Shaw, 05/24/2020
2020 MINI Hardtop 4 Door Cooper S 4dr Hatchback (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 7AM)
LOVE THIS CAR! The more I drive it, the more I love it!!! It’s a blast to drive, hugs the road, and has some good heft to it, so you don’t feel like you’re in a tin box. You get a lot of bang for your buck with this little gem. A lot of attention to detail was put into this vehicle. Lots of fun little surprises. The ONLY thing I wish it had more of was storage space....the center … console is very small. But that’s just a personal thing for me.
Report abuse

Used 2023 MINI Hardtop 4 Door in Fredericksburg, VA Values

Estimated values
2023 MINI Hardtop 4 Door Cooper S 4dr Hatchback (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 7AM) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$20,680$22,251$24,025
Clean$20,462$21,949$23,627
Average$20,100$21,446$22,964
Rough$19,628$20,792$22,102

The average list price of a used 2023 MINI Hardtop 4 Door in Fredericksburg, Virginia is $26,255. The average mileage on a used MINI Hardtop 4 Door 2023 for sale in Fredericksburg, Virginia is 24,285. Based on the average mileage of 24,285 for used 2023 MINI Hardtop 4 Door for sale in Fredericksburg, VA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used MINI Hardtop 4 Door 2023 in Fredericksburg, Virginia to be $20,100.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.