Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
304 listings
  • Price Drop
    • 20,519 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from UT to TN*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in South Jordan, UT / 1,254 miles away from Memphis, TN

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FNYF8H60NB013185
    Stock: 27214585
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 20,859 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from OK to TN*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Norman, OK / 427 miles away from Memphis, TN

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FNYF8H69NB016103
    Stock: 27424452
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 23,144 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from GA to TN*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Kennesaw, GA / 313 miles away from Memphis, TN

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FNYF7H57NB000371
    Stock: 26274448
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 22,021 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 421 miles away from Memphis, TN

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FNYF8H51RB015198
    Stock: 2003710389
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-16-2025

  • New Listing
    • 24,080 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 421 miles away from Memphis, TN

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FNYF8H51RB018036
    Stock: 2003619437
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-03-2025

    • 24,672 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 421 miles away from Memphis, TN

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FNYF8H5XRB020576
    Stock: 2003662917
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-29-2025

  • New Listing
    • 25,966 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from SC to TN*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Myrtle Beach, SC / 632 miles away from Memphis, TN

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FNYF8H53NB030294
    Stock: 27086649
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $30,999
    fair price
    $616 above market
    • 47,956 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 519 miles away from Memphis, TN

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FNYF8H51NB024137
    Stock: 8FTXD5
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-22-2025

  • New Listing
    • 28,044 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MO to TN*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Saint Louis, MO / 242 miles away from Memphis, TN

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FNYF8H61NB027998
    Stock: 26523407
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 30,447 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 1,264 miles away from Memphis, TN

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FNYF8H59RB008869
    Stock: 2003627764
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-09-2025

  • $35,000
    fair price
    $280 above market
    • 26,482 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Old Bridge, NJ / 928 miles away from Memphis, TN

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,He...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FNYF8H02NB008940
    Stock: AHR8639
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $29,998
    fair price
    $172 above market
    • 34,659 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NV to TN*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Reno, NV / 1,661 miles away from Memphis, TN

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FNYF7H58NB000802
    Stock: 27143593
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 31,360 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 421 miles away from Memphis, TN

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FNYF8H52RB011337
    Stock: 2003723389
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-29-2025

  • New Listing
    • 38,753 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to TN*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Fort Worth, TX / 443 miles away from Memphis, TN

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FNYF8H53NB003631
    Stock: 27480056
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 83,958 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Nashville (193 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Nashville, TN / 193 miles away from Memphis, TN

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FNYF8H59LB013979
    Stock: 27157501
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 41,422 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to TN*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Fort Worth, TX / 447 miles away from Memphis, TN

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FNYF8H52NB008139
    Stock: 27425491
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 52,453 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in North Charleston, SC / 584 miles away from Memphis, TN

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FNYF8H04NB030888
    Stock: 8DK7VV
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-15-2025

    • 41,103 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 496 miles away from Memphis, TN

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FNYF8H08NB008862
    Stock: 2003755939
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-03-2025

    • 51,540 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in West Palm Beach, FL / 820 miles away from Memphis, TN

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FNYF8H69NB024847
    Stock: 8D83GW
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-13-2025

    • 35,783 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Roseburg, OR / 1,858 miles away from Memphis, TN

    CarFax 1-Owner,Rare Find,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Lane Keeping Assist,Leather Seats,Moonroof,Remote S...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FNYF8H55NB011133
    Stock: 1665A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 11,671 miles
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Buffalo, NY / 803 miles away from Memphis, TN

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FNYF8H52RB015193
    Stock: 2003713828
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-17-2025

Showing 169 - 189 out of 304 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Honda Passport

Read recent reviews for the Honda Passport
Overall Consumer Rating
4.6 out of 5 stars30 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 30 reviews
  • 5 star
    (70%)
  • 4 star
    (23%)
  • 3 star
    (0%)
  • 2 star
    (7%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
5 out of 5 stars

Exceeds Expectations

Tanner, 12/22/2023
2023 Honda Passport TrailSport 4dr SUV AWD (3.5L 6cyl 9A)
After reading some other reviews I had planned to wait for the 2024 with the “tweaks” which apparently, primarily focus on a new front seat center console, arm rests and more aggressive tires. However, the arm rests in the 2023 work great for both my wife and I, and we like the sliding console which allows you to lay some items on top while driving. Our “off road” driving is primarily … on rural roads and on the city streets of Anchorage, Alaska which can be full of deep snow, ice, potholes and rough surfaces for a good portion of the year. We decided to take advantage of the Honda financing low interest rate incentive for the 2023 model, and we are very happy with our new Passport TrailSport. It checks all the boxes for what we were looking for, roomy, nice proven V6 performance, fair gas mileage, 18 inch rims, more rubber for those rough road conditions and potholes, has all the latest safety and technology we were interested in, handles very well, great visibility. We replaced our 2017 Ford Escape Titanium with the 2023 Passport. Our Honda dealership in Anchorage was a pleasure to work with. There’s a lot of competition in this class, and we considered several alternatives however, the Honda Passport is the best fit for us, we truly love it.
Report abuse

Used 2022 Honda Passport in Memphis, TN Values

Estimated values
2022 Honda Passport TrailSport 4dr SUV AWD (3.5L 6cyl 9A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$31,081$33,083$35,173
Clean$30,559$32,502$34,528
Average$29,689$31,534$33,454
Rough$28,558$30,275$32,057

The average list price of a used 2022 Honda Passport in Memphis, Tennessee is $34,291. The average mileage on a used Honda Passport 2022 for sale in Memphis, Tennessee is 34,138. Based on the average mileage of 34,138 for used 2022 Honda Passport for sale in Memphis, TN and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Honda Passport 2022 in Memphis, Tennessee to be $29,689.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.