Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
401 listings
    • 92,088 miles
    • No accidents, personal use
    • 6'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Direct Buy Motor (7 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in San Jose, CA / 7 miles away from San Jose, CA

    Commercial Financing Available. ***EcoBoost*** 4WD This One Owner California Truck is in Excellent Condition is Carfax Certified With Service History ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER1FH6LLA51536
    Stock: A51536
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-25-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 22,636 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Casper, WY / 907 miles away from San Jose, CA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Low Mileage,Rare Find,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Lane Keeping As...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4FH4LLA83306
    Stock: 8462CF
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes

  • New Listing
    • 24,388 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 2,271 miles away from San Jose, CA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4EH3LLA44045
    Stock: 2003699337
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-07-2025

    • 95,470 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from Fresno, CA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Fresno, CA / 115 miles away from San Jose, CA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER1EH6LLA80536
    Stock: 27121772
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 103,607 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from KS to CA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Wichita, KS / 1,344 miles away from San Jose, CA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER1FH1LLA58300
    Stock: 25833140
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 38,061 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 6'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    Close

    Located in Boston, MA / 2,676 miles away from San Jose, CA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER1EH0LLA59021
    Stock: 2003724037
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-10-2025

  • New Listing
    • 96,098 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    Close

    Located in Oklahoma City, OK / 1,353 miles away from San Jose, CA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4EHXLLA09065
    Stock: 2003717114
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-08-2025

  • New Listing
    • 54,084 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TN to CA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Murfreesboro, TN / 1,952 miles away from San Jose, CA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER1EH2LLA23234
    Stock: 27431667
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 99,322 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 2,086 miles away from San Jose, CA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4FH4LLA10100
    Stock: 2003718692
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-16-2025

  • New Listing
    • 39,421 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 2,360 miles away from San Jose, CA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4EHXLLA15528
    Stock: 2003726708
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-30-2025

  • New Listing
    • 42,266 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 2,101 miles away from San Jose, CA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4FH1LLA14668
    Stock: 2003740425
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-28-2025

  • New Listing
    • 65,074 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 2,101 miles away from San Jose, CA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4FH1LLA54183
    Stock: 2003740378
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-14-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 48,667 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Temecula, CA / 371 miles away from San Jose, CA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Lane Keeping Assist,Remote Start,Sa...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4FH2LLA74457
    Stock: LLA74457A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 94,636 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Mendoza's Auto Sales (50 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    Close

    Located in Modesto, CA / 50 miles away from San Jose, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4EH5LLA30731
    Stock: A30731
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-18-2024

    • 45,762 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Santos Ford (55 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    Close

    Located in Los Banos, CA / 55 miles away from San Jose, CA

    21/26 City/Highway MPG Odometer is 14631 miles below market average!Santos Ford proudly offers our customers home delivery and can schedule home te...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4EH6LLA59526
    Stock: LLA59526
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-18-2024

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 51,309 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Sunnyvale Ford (13 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Sunnyvale, CA / 13 miles away from San Jose, CA

    What a great deal on this 2020 Ford! Representing the optimal blend of tarmac tearing performance and silky smooth highway refinement. The engine brea...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4EH1LLA25526
    Stock: 31622
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-31-2025

    • 66,474 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Price Ford of Turlock (53 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    Close

    Located in Turlock, CA / 53 miles away from San Jose, CA

    EquipmentIt offers Automatic Climate Control for personalized comfort. The state of the art park assist system will guide you easily into any ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4EH9LLA25452
    Stock: 25330-1
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-10-2025

  • $19,999
    great price
    $3,767 below market
    • 127,656 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Super Car's Sales (61 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Oakdale, CA / 61 miles away from San Jose, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4FH3KLA56760
    Stock: 25126
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $24,600
    great price
    $3,589 below market
    • 59,855 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Roseburg, OR / 412 miles away from San Jose, CA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Brake Assist,Lane Keeping Assist,Remote Start,Turbo/Supercharged,WiFi Hotspot,Bed Liner...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4FH4KLA23735
    Stock: 29170B
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes

  • New Listing
    • 29,706 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 2,101 miles away from San Jose, CA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4EH9LLA11051
    Stock: 2003708732
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-07-2025

  • New Listing
    • 52,838 miles
    • 6'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to CA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 1,593 miles away from San Jose, CA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER1EH2LLA57822
    Stock: 27349144
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 274 - 294 out of 401 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Ford Ranger

Read recent reviews for the Ford Ranger
Overall Consumer Rating
4.1 out of 5 stars34 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 34 reviews
  • 5 star
    (62%)
  • 4 star
    (12%)
  • 3 star
    (6%)
  • 2 star
    (12%)
  • 1 star
    (9%)
1 out of 5 stars

10 Speed Transmission Issues Ford Ranger

Terry, 06/28/2023
2022 Ford Ranger XLT 4dr SuperCab 4WD SB (2.3L 4cyl Turbo 10A)
I purchased a new 2022 Ranger XLT extended cab. Ever since I purchased it the 10R80 10-speed transmission can't find it's gears. Engine revs up to 3000rpm from cold start caused with a delay in the transmission finding first gear; gear shifting is hard until you get to cruising speed. Engine vibrates shaking the truck between 10-30mph. Taken the vehicle to the dealer no less than 4 … times; Twice they follow 2 TSB from Ford to reset the computer controlling the transmission. The result is same- no change- problems persist way after time for the computer to 'learn' the computer re-programing. I learned that Ford has had numerous complaints regarding this 10R80 transmission (the product of a partnership between Ford and & GM). No less than two class action lawsuits have been filed regarding this transmission against Ford, one filed in Federal court just this April. Ford appears to care little about fixing the problems by coming out with TSBs to its dealers that don't address the problem. It appears they only want to kick the can down the road, let the warranty end, and leave the buyer holding the bag. I've given up on Ford and will NEVER buy a Ford product again, and I will encourage anyone who asks me to consider at other manufacturers.
Report abuse

Used 2020 Ford Ranger in San Jose, CA Values

Estimated values
2020 Ford Ranger XL 4dr SuperCab 4WD SB (2.3L 4cyl Turbo 10A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$17,520$20,098$22,588
Clean$17,199$19,712$22,135
Average$16,665$19,070$21,380
Rough$15,970$18,235$20,399

The average list price of a used 2020 Ford Ranger in San Jose, California is $27,057. The average mileage on a used Ford Ranger 2020 for sale in San Jose, California is 64,258. Based on the average mileage of 64,258 for used 2020 Ford Ranger for sale in San Jose, CA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Ford Ranger 2020 in San Jose, California to be $16,665.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Truck Details

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.