Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
942 listings
  • Price Drop
    $36,875
    fair price
    $683 above market
    • 11,069 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Audi Cape Cod (230 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Hyannis, MA / 230 miles away from Bangor, ME

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1DECF3XR1187108
    Stock: 422880999
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-09-2025

  • $26,698
    fair price
    $729 below market
    • 45,346 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 1,384 miles away from Bangor, ME

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1EECF39N1150193
    Stock: 8DWMTM
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-31-2025

  • $26,999
    fair price
    $638 below market
    • 51,155 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Monroeville, PA / 632 miles away from Bangor, ME

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1EECF36N1131875
    Stock: 8DXKP5
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-06-2025

  • Price Drop
    Stock photo**
    $39,500
    fair price
    $203 below market
    • 10,937 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Audi Greenwich (359 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Greenwich, CT / 359 miles away from Bangor, ME

    New Price! CARFAX One-Owner. Certified. S Line quattroRecent Arrival!Audi Certified pre-owned Details: * Vehicle History * 125+ Point Inspection * War...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1EECF33R1184037
    Stock: SL-R1184037
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-28-2025

  • $26,990
    good price
    $1,864 below market
    • 33,547 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Hub (418 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in North Brunswick, NJ / 418 miles away from Bangor, ME

    This 2022 Audi Q3 4dr Premium Plus features a 2.0L 4-Cylinder TFSI 4cyl Gasoline engine. It is equipped with a 8 Speed Automatic transmission. The veh...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1EECF34N1094003
    Stock: PM094003
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-28-2025

  • $27,777
    fair price
    $461 below market
    • 47,159 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Forest City Chevrolet (401 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Forest City, PA / 401 miles away from Bangor, ME

    Gray Metallic 2022 Audi Q3 Premium Plus S Line quattro 4D Sport Utility 2.0L 4-Cylinder TFSI 8-Speed Automatic with Tiptronic quattroCARFAX One-Owner....

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1EECF35N1049331
    Stock: P4765
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-19-2025

  • Price Drop
    $27,495
    fair price
    $67 below market
    • 43,868 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • PA Auto Sales (454 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Philadelphia, PA / 454 miles away from Bangor, ME

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1EECF31N1033238
    Stock: 033238
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-03-2025

  • Price Drop
    $37,650
    fair price
    $64 below market
    • 14,415 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Audi Wyoming Valley (431 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Wilkes-Barre, PA / 431 miles away from Bangor, ME

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1EECF30R1106881
    Stock: 428927002
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-01-2025

  • Price Drop
    $30,758
    fair price
    $551 above market
    • 17,794 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Audi Pittsfield (274 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Pittsfield, MA / 274 miles away from Bangor, ME

    AUDI CERTIFIED PRE-OWNED! NANO GREY ON OKAPI BROWN! CONVENIENCE PACKAGE! AUDI BEAM RINGS!, Alarm w/Motion Sensor, Audi Advanced Key, Convenience Packa...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1AUCF3XN1133470
    Stock: UA0174
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-06-2025

    • 15,251 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Audi of Smithtown (352 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Saint James, NY / 352 miles away from Bangor, ME

    2022 Audi Q3 Premium Plus S Line quattroClean CARFAX. Odometer is 9621 miles below market average!Call, click or visit, and you will be connected dire...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1EECF37N1110226
    Stock: 11553AT
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-06-2025

  • Price Drop
    $24,498
    fair price
    $393 below market
    • 58,752 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Shreveport, LA / 1,586 miles away from Bangor, ME

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1DECF33N1126919
    Stock: 7V6RVL
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-07-2025

  • $25,999
    fair price
    $259 below market
    • 47,326 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Peoria, AZ / 2,419 miles away from Bangor, ME

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1DECF30N1148179
    Stock: 8D9VC8
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-10-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 1,571 miles
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Audi of Smithtown (352 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Saint James, NY / 352 miles away from Bangor, ME

    2024 Audi Q3 Premium Plus 20/28 City/Highway MPG

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1EECF3XR1191924
    Stock: 11580LC
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-12-2025

  • Price Drop
    $31,990
    fair price
    $762 above market
    • 16,386 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 1,129 miles away from Bangor, ME

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1DECF38N1134580
    Stock: 2003734295
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-28-2025

  • New Listing
    • 16,194 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 1,708 miles away from Bangor, ME

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1EECF36N1044509
    Stock: 2003764457
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-23-2025

  • $29,325
    good price
    $1,393 below market
    • 31,792 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Coastal Volkswagen (211 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Hanover, MA / 211 miles away from Bangor, ME

    This Audi Q3 has a powerful Intercooled Turbo Regular Unleaded I-4 2.0 L/121 engine powering this Automatic transmission. Window Grid Diversity Antenn...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1EECF3XN1063418
    Stock: B9685
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-01-2025

  • New Listing
    $30,987
    fair price
    $809 below market
    • 9,727 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Coral Springs, FL / 1,427 miles away from Bangor, ME

    Low Mileage,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Lane Departure Warni...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1EECF34N1083020
    Stock: SPN1083020
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 20,329 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Audi of Huntington (361 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Huntington Station, NY / 361 miles away from Bangor, ME

    2022 Audi Q3 quattro Mythos Black MetallicCARFAX One-Owner. AUDI CERTIFIED!, One Owner, Clean Carfax. 21/28 City/Highway MPGAt Audi of Huntington we p...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1DECF37N1028380
    Stock: AU11867
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 03-02-2025

  • $21,999
    fair price
    $274 above market
    • 52,127 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Honda of Westport (342 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Westport, CT / 342 miles away from Bangor, ME

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1AECF31L1093791
    Stock: 30874
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-31-2025

  • $29,725
    fair price
    $438 above market
    • 21,122 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Audi Queens (379 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Flushing, NY / 379 miles away from Bangor, ME

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1DECF39N1021690
    Stock: 424199778
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-14-2025

  • $27,395
    good price
    $1,019 below market
    • 38,265 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • VIP Auto Outlet (462 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Maple Shade, NJ / 462 miles away from Bangor, ME

    This Audi Q3 Premium 45 TFSI S line quattro Tiptronic, with a 2.0L Turbo I4 228hp 251ft. lbs. engine, features a 8-Speed Shiftable Automatic transmiss...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1DECF38N1096719
    Stock: M8031
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-16-2025

Showing 421 - 441 out of 942 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Audi Q3

Read recent reviews for the Audi Q3
Overall Consumer Rating
4 out of 5 stars34 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 34 reviews
  • 5 star
    (53%)
  • 4 star
    (18%)
  • 3 star
    (12%)
  • 2 star
    (12%)
  • 1 star
    (6%)
5 out of 5 stars

Fantastic vehicle

Karen Keane, 04/13/2021
2021 Audi Q3 Premium Plus S line 4dr SUV AWD w/45 TFSI (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 8A)
This is my second Audi Q3, the first being a 2015. I've had many different luxury vehicles, but this car I'm keeping forever. Love the look, comfort, but most importantly the smooth ride, visibility and safe feeling I get whenever I'm driving it. The trunk holds a lot for a small SUV, the car fits in any parking space imaginable and the highway pick up while entering an 'on' ramp with … trucks coming is second to none.
Report abuse

Used 2024 Audi Q3 in Bangor, ME Values

Estimated values
2024 Audi Q3 Premium S line 4dr SUV AWD w/45 TFSI (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$24,891$26,321$28,062
Clean$24,657$26,048$27,745
Average$24,267$25,595$27,217
Rough$23,760$25,004$26,531

The average list price of a used 2024 Audi Q3 in Bangor, Maine is $30,397. The average mileage on a used Audi Q3 2024 for sale in Bangor, Maine is 28,768. Based on the average mileage of 28,768 for used 2024 Audi Q3 for sale in Bangor, ME and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Audi Q3 2024 in Bangor, Maine to be $24,267.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.