Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
511 listings
  • New Listing
    $23,998
    fair price
    $974 above market
    • 37,532 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax Roswell (318 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Roswell, GA / 318 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA4J3C54KBL07909
    Stock: 26915762
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $21,475
    fair price
    $621 below market
    • 52,838 miles
    • 3 accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Auto Group of Louisville (487 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Louisville, KY / 487 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    ***ALL-WHEELDRIVE***COGNAC PREMIUM LEATHER***DRIVE ASSIST PKG***CONVENIENCE PKG***HEAD UP DISPLAY***DEALERSERVICEDWITH EXCELLENT SERVICE HISTORY***Get...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA4J3C57KBL05278
    Stock: L05278
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $48,900
    fair price
    $542 below market
    • 45,868 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • MotorCars of Atlanta (319 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 319 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA13AW03PFN86285
    Stock: LOB45233A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-17-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $22,500
    fair price
    $430 below market
    • 55,781 miles
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Grainger Honda (180 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Savannah, GA / 180 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    GREAT MILES 55,781! 430i trim. EPA 34 MPG Hwy/24 MPG City! Moonroof, Nav System, Rear Air, Power Liftgate, Turbo Charged Engine, EXECUTIVE PACKAGE, CO...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA4J1C59KBM12515
    Stock: HP13139
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-19-2025

  • New Listing
    • 871 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • BMW of Sterling (371 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Sterling, VA / 371 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    Clean CARFAX. 2025 BMW 4 Series 8-Speed Automatic Sport Vegas Red Metallic I625/31 City/Highway MPGConnected Package Pro, Driving Assistance Pac...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA63FB02SFU83053
    Stock: SFU83053T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-15-2025

  • New Listing
    • 12,239 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Land Rover Tallahassee (397 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Tallahassee, FL / 397 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    This **1-owner 2023 BMW M440i xDrive Gran Coupe** is a sleek, high-performance luxury four-door coupe with standout M styling and refined comfort. Fin...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA13AW06PFP10405
    Stock: 23P1038
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-03-2025

    • 36,342 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Autowise (408 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Melbourne, FL / 408 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    CLEAN CARFAX GUARANTEE ALL DOCUMENTED SERVICE RECORDS FROM BMW SAYS SCRATCH OR DING 1 YEAR AGO YOU CAN NO LONGER SEE! LOWEST MILES AND PRICE IN FLA SU...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: Yes

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA4J1C54KBM18092
    Stock: M18092
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-16-2025

    • 11,531 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Laurel BMW (452 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Johnstown, PA / 452 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    Looking for a used car at an affordable price? This BMW won't be on the lot long! Sharply rendered both inside and out, this vehicle distinguishes its...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA73AV09PFP57004
    Stock: BB506821
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-15-2025

    • 138,000 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Exclusive Imports (252 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Roanoke, VA / 252 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    2019 BMW 430I GRAN COUPE LOADED WITH HEATED SEATS, CARPLAY, NAVIGATION, BACK UP CAMERA, SUNROOF, AND GREAT PIRELLI TIRES!! 3 MONTHS WARRANTY INCLUDED ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA4J1C59KBM13776
    Stock: A1185
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 16,499 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • USI Motors (333 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Knoxville, TN / 333 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA73AV08PFP57897
    Stock: 13254
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-10-2024

  • Price Drop
    Stock photo**
    $18,222
    fair price
    $585 above market
    • 68,998 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Lokey Volkswagen (460 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Clearwater, FL / 460 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    For more information and test drive please call. 2019 BMW 4 Series 430i Gran Coupe White Metallic RWD 4D Hatchback 8-Speed Automatic Sport*FREE OIL CH...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA4J1C53KBM14874
    Stock: VTM14874
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-02-2025

  • New Listing
    • 56,353 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Carvana - Charlotte (153 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 153 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA4J1C59KBM19013
    Stock: 2003698579
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-02-2025

  • New Listing
    • 24,811 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Nalley BMW of Decatur (315 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Decatur, GA / 315 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    RECALL NOTICE: Some vehicles offered for sale may be subject to unrepaired manufacturer safety recalls. To determine the recall status of a vehicle, v...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA63AW04PFN67198
    Stock: NBDP231100
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-25-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 71,204 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Carvana - Birmingham (461 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Birmingham, AL / 461 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA4J1C52KBM16258
    Stock: 2003731686
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-10-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $18,766
    fair price
    $577 above market
    • 84,556 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Byers Chrysler Jeep Dodge Ram (484 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 484 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    Recent Arrival! 2019 Black Sapphire Metallic BMW 4 Series 430i Gran Coupe 2.0L 4-Cylinder DOHC 16V Turbocharged AWD 8-Speed Automatic Sport This BMW 4...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA4J3C50KBL07308
    Stock: J9948
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-16-2025

  • New Listing
    • 77,608 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax Montgomery (440 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Montgomery, AL / 440 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA4J3C56KBL10844
    Stock: 27100431
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 50,136 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Carvana - Cincinnati (486 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 486 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA4J3C50KBL06305
    Stock: 2003711728
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-12-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $26,534
    fair price
    $50 above market
    • 60,529 miles
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Courtesy Chrysler Jeep Dodge RAM Tampa (454 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 454 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    RECALL NOTICE: Some vehicles offered for sale may be subject to unrepaired manufacturer safety recalls. To determine the recall status of a vehicle, v...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (21 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA4J5C5XKBM66834
    Stock: CCJ250902C
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-20-2025

  • New Listing
    • 50,405 miles
    • 3 accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax Jacksonville West (300 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, FL / 300 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA4J1C59KBM17164
    Stock: 27066389
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 53,989 miles
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Land Rover Monroeville (464 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Monroeville, PA / 464 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    BMW Certified, CARFAX 1-Owner. Sunroof, NAV, Back-Up Camera, Rear Air, Power Liftgate, PREMIUM PACKAGE, M SPORT PACKAGE, Alloy Wheels. Additional plan...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA73AV06PFP04664
    Stock: 3185BB
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-02-2025

  • New Listing
    • 63,305 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Union Park Buick GMC (451 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Wilmington, DE / 451 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    Recent Arrival! CARFAX One-Owner. This 2023 Aventurin Red Metallic BMW 430i Gran Coupe AWD is well equipped and includes these features and benefi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA73AV05PFN05203
    Stock: W34174A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-10-2025

Showing 106 - 126 out of 511 listings

Consumer Reviews for the BMW 4 Series Gran Coupe

Read recent reviews for the BMW 4 Series Gran Coupe
Overall Consumer Rating
5 out of 5 stars7 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 7 reviews
  • 5 star
    (100%)
  • 4 star
    (0%)
  • 3 star
    (0%)
  • 2 star
    (0%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
5 out of 5 stars

Sporty Elegance

Cmaygar, 06/17/2022
2022 BMW 4 Series Gran Coupe 430i 4dr Sedan (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 8A)
I took delivery on my 2022 Gran Coupe yesterday. First of all, this is a very difficult car to find. There is basically nothing in stock and most cars coming in are spoken for before they get to the dealer. I was fortunate to find one that arrived at the dealer that wasn’t pre-sold. I love this car. The new BMW technology is very intuitive and much better than the former system. The … double LCD screens with the totally electronic gauges is a game changer. The infotainment screens are easily accessible and simple to figure out. The acceleration on this car is excellent. It is QUICK. I was very impressed with the acceleration and handling in the Comfort mode. The ride is quiet, great feel for the road, comfortable and responsive. Standard blind spot monitor, back-up camera and parking assist technology is wonderful. The basic car comes loaded with a laundry list of standard features. There are some excellent options to choose from to customize this car to your needs and desires. The exterior styling of this car is stunning as is the interior. The ambient lighting and cabin layout is comfortable and functional plus luxurious. The hatchback provides a spacious cargo area with rear seats that completely fold down for extra space. What a great feature. I believe that the MSRP pricing on this car is very reasonable for the value. The twin turbo 4 cylinder engine is quite impressive. If you want a luxurious sports car with some added cargo space, this 2022 Gran Coupe will impress you.
Report abuse

Used 2019 BMW 4 Series Gran Coupe in Myrtle Beach, SC Values

Estimated values
2019 BMW 4 Series Gran Coupe 430i xDrive 4dr Sedan AWD (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$16,902$20,043$22,841
Clean$16,476$19,528$22,242
Average$15,767$18,669$21,243
Rough$14,845$17,553$19,945

The average list price of a used 2019 BMW 4 Series Gran Coupe in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina is $31,589. The average mileage on a used BMW 4 Series Gran Coupe 2019 for sale in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina is 50,924. Based on the average mileage of 50,924 for used 2019 BMW 4 Series Gran Coupe for sale in Myrtle Beach, SC and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used BMW 4 Series Gran Coupe 2019 in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina to be $15,767.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.