Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
69 listings
  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 28,503 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 18 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • North Park Lexus of San Antonio (273 mi away)
    • Five Star Dealer
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 273 miles away from Midland, TX

    24 Heads-Up Display (HUD) (GF), Adaptive Variable Air Suspension, Apple CarPlay/Android Auto, Heated & Ventilated Front Bucket Seats, Heated Rear Seat...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (18 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHD51FF9M5015463
    Stock: U5015463
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-09-2025

    • 13,972 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 18 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Hi-Line Motors (312 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Plano, TX / 312 miles away from Midland, TX

    This 2021 Lexus LS 500 is the pinnacle of modern luxury and refinement—delivering flagship performance with an unmatched attention to detail. Backed b...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (18 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHD51FF7M5014103
    Stock: 014103
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-20-2025

  • $47,995
    great price
    • 21,483 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 19 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Family Toyota Burleson (277 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Burleson, TX / 277 miles away from Midland, TX

    CARFAX One-Owner. LS 500 Base, 4D Sedan, 3.5L V6 DOHC 24V, 10-Speed Automatic, RWD, Black, Black w/Quilted-Stitch Semi-Aniline Leather Seat Trim (LC),...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (19 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHD51FFXL5011811
    Stock: AP11997
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-06-2025

  • New Listing
    • 20,782 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 18 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Vandergriff Acura (289 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Arlington, TX / 289 miles away from Midland, TX

    Recent Arrival! 2022 Lexus LS 500 Base CARFAX One-Owner. NAVIGATION/NAVI/GPS, SUNROOF/MOONROOF, Leather seats, Alloy Wheels, Heated Seats, ** ONE OWNE...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (18 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHD51FF4N5017221
    Stock: N5017221
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-11-2025

    • 41,693 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 19 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Hi-Line Motors (312 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Plano, TX / 312 miles away from Midland, TX

    Experience flagship luxury and unmatched refinement in this meticulously crafted 2020 Lexus LS 500, a true executive-class sedan that blends cutting-e...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (19 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHD51FF6L5012406
    Stock: 012406
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-05-2025

  • New Listing
    • 27,628 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 19 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Houston (413 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 413 miles away from Midland, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (19 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHD51FF6L5012535
    Stock: 2003764375
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-23-2025

    • 21,756 miles
    • Issue reported, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 18 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • North Park Lexus of San Antonio (273 mi away)
    • Five Star Dealer
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 273 miles away from Midland, TX

    Certified. L-CERTIFIED, 24 Heads-Up Display (HUD) (GF), Adaptive Variable Air Suspension, Apple CarPlay/Android Auto, Cold Weather Package (CK), Enhan...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (18 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHD51FF9N5017473
    Stock: Z5017473
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-29-2025

  • New Listing
    • 49,351 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 19 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • AutoNation Ford Frisco (311 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Frisco, TX / 311 miles away from Midland, TX

    Interior Upgrade PackageMark Levinson Dvd Audio SystemAdaptive Variable Air SuspensionWheels: 20" Vapor Chrome Split 10-Spoke AlloyPanoramic View ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (19 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHD51FF5L5012896
    Stock: L5012896
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-09-2025

  • Stock photo**
    • 30,224 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 18 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Park Place Lexus Plano (310 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Plano, TX / 310 miles away from Midland, TX

    RECALL NOTICE: Some vehicles offered for sale may be subject to unrepaired manufacturer safety recalls. To determine the recall status of a vehicle, v...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (18 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHD51FF3N5015606
    Stock: PLD245059A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-31-2025

  • $44,892
    good price
    $3,507 below market
    • 46,516 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 18 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Eddy's Toyota of Wichita (473 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Wichita, KS / 473 miles away from Midland, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHC51FF9K5006156
    Stock: IT44620
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-19-2025

    • 21,060 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 18 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Park Place Lexus Grapevine (295 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Grapevine, TX / 295 miles away from Midland, TX

    Certified. Clean CARFAX.Circuit Red Leather.L/Certified Details: * Roadside Assistance * 161 Point Inspection * Limited Warranty: 24 Month/...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (18 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHF51FFXP5018840
    Stock: PLG251994A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-06-2025

  • Photos not available
    • 64,167 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 18 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Mercedes-Benz of Abilene (133 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Abilene, TX / 133 miles away from Midland, TX

    Recent Arrival! 2021 Lexus LS 500 Base 3.5L V6 DOHC 24V 10-Speed Automatic RWD White Clean CARFAX. Palomino Leather.------ Because we value you & your...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (18 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHD51FF0M5014041
    Stock: M24008B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-01-2025

    • 20,227 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 17 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Porsche Grapevine (295 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Grapevine, TX / 295 miles away from Midland, TX

    Porsche Grapevine Trade-In!2023 Lexus LS 500 F Sport In Ultra White Exterior With F Sport Perforated Leather-Trimmed Interior with Ultrasuede Headline...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (17 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHF51GF5P5011728
    Stock: PGT3999
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-02-2025

    • 19,818 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 18 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • BMW of Houston North (416 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 416 miles away from Midland, TX

    Wheels: 20" Vapor Chrome Split 10-Spoke AlloySun/MoonroofLeather SeatsNavigation SystemIlluminated Door SillsAccessory Package (Z2)Glass Breakag...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (18 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHD51FF1P5018149
    Stock: P5018149
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-01-2025

    • 5,999 miles
    • Insurance loss reported, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 18 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • America's Xtreme Auto (431 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 431 miles away from Midland, TX

    WHAT IS A BRANDED TITLE? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=djssRiZ0q_s We Can Finance! We Take Trade IN-S! CALL US AT 832-553-0010 Car comes with 2 mont...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (18 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHD51FF5P5018025
    Stock: 21840
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-05-2025

    • 45,021 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 18 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Five Star Ford of Dallas (313 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 313 miles away from Midland, TX

    2021 Lexus LS One OWNER, CLEAN CARFAX, NON SMOKER, NAVIGATION, BACK UP CAMERA, Cruise Control, 12 Speakers, Air Conditioning, Front dual zone A/C, Hea...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (18 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHD51FF8M5014384
    Stock: SEC35844A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-01-2025

    • 40,701 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 19 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Park Place Lexus Plano (310 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Plano, TX / 310 miles away from Midland, TX

    RECALL NOTICE: Some vehicles offered for sale may be subject to unrepaired manufacturer safety recalls. To determine the recall status of a vehicle, v...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (19 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHB51FF4K5008909
    Stock: PLDS190285
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-25-2025

    • 21,197 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 18 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Sewell Lexus of Dallas (307 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 307 miles away from Midland, TX

    Sewell Lexus of Dallas proudly offers this Certified Preowned 2021 Lexus LS 500 Rear Wheel Drive. This well-equipped vehicle features the following eq...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (18 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHD51FFXM5013267
    Stock: P39167
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-29-2025

    • 28,726 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 17 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Sewell Lexus of Dallas (307 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 307 miles away from Midland, TX

    Sewell Lexus of Dallas proudly offers this 2021 Lexus LS 500 All Wheel Drive that has been professionally inspected by one of our Sewell technicians. ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (17 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHF51GF9M5009170
    Stock: P39333
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-01-2025

    • 43,840 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 19 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • North Park Lexus of San Antonio (273 mi away)
    • Five Star Dealer
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 273 miles away from Midland, TX

    Certified. L-CERTIFIED, Navigation System, Power moonroof, Wheels: 19 x.7.5 High-Gloss Split 10-Spoke Alloy. CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX.Posted Pri...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (19 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHB51FF4K5008330
    Stock: U5008330
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-08-2025

  • $41,486
    great price
    • 50,890 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 18 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • BMW of Dallas (307 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 307 miles away from Midland, TX

    Luxury PackageLexus Safety System + Advanced PackageRadio: Mark Levinson Dvd AudioAdaptive Variable Air Suspension24" Heads-Up Display (Hud) (Gh)...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHC5LFF4J5001358
    Stock: J5001358
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-23-2025

Showing 1 - 21 out of 69 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Lexus LS 500

Read recent reviews for the Lexus LS 500
Overall Consumer Rating
4 out of 5 stars44 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 44 reviews
  • 5 star
    (52%)
  • 4 star
    (23%)
  • 3 star
    (9%)
  • 2 star
    (7%)
  • 1 star
    (9%)
5 out of 5 stars

Love mt 2018 LS500 AWD

BJOSE, 03/23/2019
2018 Lexus LS 500 4dr Sedan AWD (3.5L 6cyl Turbo 10A)
Awesome car. I moved from a 2016 GS350. what a difference in interior quality! LS500 is undoubtedly leaps above the GS. Don't get me wrong... GS is a great car in its own class. But the LS is a much better car. I was thinking of BMW 540 and Benz E450. in the end, when I test drove those vs the LS500, I realized that I love the LS better than the other 2. and the peace of mind that comes … with lexus ownership was priceless. The LS500 is a great and beautiful car. ride is very comfy. acceleration is sneaky fast. you will hit 80mph before you will know it. Love it!
Report abuse

Used 2021 Lexus LS 500 in Midland, TX Values

Estimated values
2021 Lexus LS 500 4dr Sedan (3.5L 6cyl Turbo 10A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$47,372$49,537$51,721
Clean$46,368$48,401$50,445
Average$44,695$46,506$48,317
Rough$42,520$44,044$45,552

The average list price of a used 2021 Lexus LS 500 in Midland, Texas is $55,879. The average mileage on a used Lexus LS 500 2021 for sale in Midland, Texas is 31,598. Based on the average mileage of 31,598 for used 2021 Lexus LS 500 for sale in Midland, TX and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Lexus LS 500 2021 in Midland, Texas to be $44,695.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.