Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
1,077 listings
    • 84,564 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 2 Seats, 24 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • MB Motorsports (339 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Asbury Park, NJ / 339 miles away from Lynchburg, VA

    2021 Ford Transit Connect XL XL 2.0L I4 8-Speed Automatic FWD Cargo Van Frozen WhiteCARFAX One-Owner.24/27 City/Highway MPG

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (24 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: NM0LS7E2XM1491068
    Stock: M1491068
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-23-2025

    • 138,194 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 2 Seats, 24 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Auction Direct Auto Sales (359 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Jersey City, NJ / 359 miles away from Lynchburg, VA

    2021 Ford Transit Connect LWB XL Cargo VanSouthern Owned Van!Serviced 12 Times!Fully Serviced Recently!VINYL FRONT BUCKET SEATSBack-Up CameraBluetooth...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (24 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: NM0LS7E26M1494145
    Stock: F78X7
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-01-2025

  • New Listing
    • 69,082 miles
    • Insurance loss reported, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 2 Seats, 24 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Toro Autos (467 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in East Windsor, CT / 467 miles away from Lynchburg, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (24 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: NM0LS7F23M1497258
    Stock: 497258
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 71,512 miles
    • Manufacturer buyback reported, 2 owners, personal use
    • 2 Seats, 24 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Walt Sweeney Ford (318 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 318 miles away from Lynchburg, VA

    Under $15K! Versatile 2019 Ford Transit Connect 71K Miles, Clean History Walt Sweeney FordDiscover the perfect partner for your business with this...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (24 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: NM0LS7E21K1419205
    Stock: K1419205
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-17-2025

    • 109,067 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 2 Seats, 24 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Legends Auto Sales PA (329 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Tobyhanna, PA / 329 miles away from Lynchburg, VA

    At Legends Auto Sales PA INC, we offer a wide selection of high-quality pre-owned vehicles to suit every budget and lifestyle. Whether you're looking ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (24 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: NM0LS7F20L1454141
    Stock: 454141
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-21-2025

    • 120,578 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 2 Seats, 24 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Legends Auto Sales PA (329 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Tobyhanna, PA / 329 miles away from Lynchburg, VA

    At Legends Auto Sales PA INC, we offer a wide selection of high-quality pre-owned vehicles to suit every budget and lifestyle. Whether you're looking ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (24 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: NM0LS7F22L1467831
    Stock: 467831
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-21-2025

    • 23,640 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 2 Seats, 24 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Colonial Ford (414 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Danbury, CT / 414 miles away from Lynchburg, VA

    Recent Arrival! Odometer is 76958 miles below market average! 24/27 City/Highway MPGPrice excludes taxes, fees, dealer conveyance fee of $599. See dea...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (24 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: NM0LS7E21M1505651
    Stock: 19838
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-07-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 93,980 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 24 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • VanDevere Auto Outlet (277 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    Close

    Located in Akron, OH / 277 miles away from Lynchburg, VA

    Fun in the Sun Clearance Sale!!!!, **Bluetooth **, **Warranty Forever**, **THIRD SEAT**, ** NEW BRAKES FRONT & REAR**, **NEW FRONT TIRES**, 3rd row s...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: NM0GS9E23M1486131
    Stock: ML18218
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-11-2025

    • 120,730 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 2 Seats, 24 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Fair (426 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in West Haven, CT / 426 miles away from Lynchburg, VA

    2019 Ford Transit Connect XL Cargo Van : This is a Great Looking 2019 Transit Connect by Ford! The Ford Transit Connect is a smaller and much more ec...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (24 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: NM0LS7E71K1400360
    Stock: 7854
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-07-2024

    • 77,682 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6 Seats, 24 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • iDrive Westminster (191 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Westminster, MD / 191 miles away from Lynchburg, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: NM0GE9G2XM1500627
    Stock: 500627
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-23-2025

    • 40,812 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 6 Seats, 24 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Forrester Lincoln (193 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    Close

    Located in Chambersburg, PA / 193 miles away from Lynchburg, VA

    2019 FORD TRANSIT CONNECT XL, FROZEN WHITE, ACCIDENT FREE AUTOCHECK HISTORY REPORT, BODY SIDE MOLDINGS - BLACK, BUMPERS - BLACK, DOOR HANDLES - BLACK,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: NM0GS9E21K1407584
    Stock: 125301
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-06-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 36,433 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6 Seats, 24 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Liberty Ford of Fayetteville (160 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Fayetteville, NC / 160 miles away from Lynchburg, VA

    2021 Blue Metallic Ford Transit Connect 4D Wagon Titanium I4 8-Speed Automatic FWDPriced below KBB Fair Purchase Price! Odometer is 23165 miles below ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: NM0GE9G26M1487049
    Stock: TM1487049
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-13-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 76,867 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 2 Seats, 24 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Patriot Chevrolet GMC (459 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Hopkinsville, KY / 459 miles away from Lynchburg, VA

    Excellent Condition. WAS $23,745, EPA 27 MPG Hwy/24 MPG City! Fourth Passenger Door, Back-Up Camera, RADIO: SYNC 3 W/O NAVIGATION, WHEELS: 16" SHADOW ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (24 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: NM0LE7E21M1493069
    Stock: P1493069
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-24-2025

    • 112,702 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 2 Seats, 24 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Rick Ford Sales (493 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Hemlock, MI / 493 miles away from Lynchburg, VA

    What a great deal on this 2021 Ford! A comfortable ride with plenty of style! The following features are included: heated door mirrors, an overhead co...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (24 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: NM0LS7F20M1500729
    Stock: 11445
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-22-2025

    • 89,000 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 2 Seats, 24 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • MotorTime Auto Sales (313 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 313 miles away from Lynchburg, VA

    2021 FORD TRANSIT CONNECT XLT LONG WHEEL BASE CARGO VAN. THIS CARFAX PERFECT, ONE OWNER, ACCIDENT FREE, FULLY FLEET MAINTAINED WORK VAN HAS...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (24 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: NM0LS7F28M1497546
    Stock: 497546
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-07-2025

    • 59,371 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 2 Seats, 24 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Green Light Auto Sales (430 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Bethany, CT / 430 miles away from Lynchburg, VA

    "Silver 2019 Ford Transit Connect XLT FWD 8-Speed Automatic I4 CREDIT ISSUES? WE CAN HELP!! **203-888-2000**, SERVICE HISTORY AVAILABLE, AVAILABLE EXT...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (24 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: NM0LS7F2XK1414907
    Stock: FT414907
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 103,319 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 2 Seats, 24 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Mark Lerose Ford (122 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Gassaway, WV / 122 miles away from Lynchburg, VA

    This Ford won't be on the lot long! It just arrived on our lot this past week! Top features include front bucket seats, a tachometer, rain sensing wip...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (24 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: NM0LS6E24M1497071
    Stock: 44155A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-02-2025

    • 79,020 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 2 Seats, 24 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Traffic Jams Motorsports (350 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Buford, GA / 350 miles away from Lynchburg, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (24 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: NM0LS7E2XM1493239
    Stock: P497
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-17-2025

    • 104,572 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 2 Seats, 24 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Wow Auto (327 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    Close

    Located in Stroudsburg, PA / 327 miles away from Lynchburg, VA

    Hop in and buckle up for a wild ride in this sleek 2019 Ford Transit Connect! With its powerful 4-Cyl 2.0 Liter engine and smooth Automatic 8-Spd w/Se...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (24 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: NM0LS7F25K1401255
    Stock: 401255
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 84,618 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6 Seats, 24 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Ray Skillman Ford (404 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    Close

    Located in Greenwood, IN / 404 miles away from Lynchburg, VA

    2021 Ford Transit Connect XL Frozen WhiteFWD 8-Speed Automatic I4WHY BUY FROM US? Since first opening our doors, Ray Skillman Ford has been proud to s...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: NM0GE9E23M1491563
    Stock: J1450
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-14-2024

    • 80,663 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 2 Seats, 24 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MS to VA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Jackson, MS / 711 miles away from Lynchburg, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (24 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: NM0LS7E21M1490388
    Stock: 26482212
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 85 - 105 out of 1,077 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Ford Transit Connect

Read recent reviews for the Ford Transit Connect
Overall Consumer Rating
3.5 out of 5 stars27 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 27 reviews
  • 5 star
    (37%)
  • 4 star
    (22%)
  • 3 star
    (11%)
  • 2 star
    (11%)
  • 1 star
    (19%)
1 out of 5 stars

Transmission issues again

LL, 11/14/2020
2019 Ford Transit Connect Cargo Van XLT 4dr Minivan w/Rear Liftgate SWB (2.0L 4cyl 8A)
This started out as a great van but after a couple a months the van would hesitate going in reverse. Than during a scheduled oil change they found a leaking transmission seal. had dealer replace it now the van has stop working altogether so dealer is replacing the transmission. Its just a year old and has spent almost 7 weeks in shop for transmission issues
Report abuse

Used 2021 Ford Transit Connect in Lynchburg, VA Values

Estimated values
2021 Ford Transit Connect Cargo Van XL 4dr Minivan w/Rear 180 Degree Doors LWB (2.0L 4cyl 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$13,148$15,686$18,245
Clean$12,873$15,331$17,804
Average$12,413$14,741$17,069
Rough$11,816$13,974$16,113

The average list price of a used 2021 Ford Transit Connect in Lynchburg, Virginia is $20,151. The average mileage on a used Ford Transit Connect 2021 for sale in Lynchburg, Virginia is 84,591. Based on the average mileage of 84,591 for used 2021 Ford Transit Connect for sale in Lynchburg, VA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Ford Transit Connect 2021 in Lynchburg, Virginia to be $12,413.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.