Used 2012 Toyota Corolla for Sale
- $12,950
Great price
$2,711 Below Market66,796 milesNo accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use only4cyl AutomaticShift - Seattle (Seattle, WA)BluetoothTire Pressure Warnin...USB InputsTrip ComputerRear Bench Seats+moreLocated in Seattle, WA / 2,297 miles away from Ashburn, VA
----------------See the full listing at shift.com/s/1137986 -------------- Shift offers delivery and provides financing at competitive rates. All cars...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 5YFBU4EE8CP005966
Stock: c1273410
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 07-18-2022 - $9,995
Great price
$3,165 Below Market101,555 miles2 Accidents, 3 Owners, Corporate fleet vehicle4cyl AutomaticBristol Auto Mall (Levittown, PA)BluetoothTire Pressure Warnin...USB InputsTrip ComputerRear Bench Seats+moreLocated in Levittown, PA / 160 miles away from Ashburn, VA
*.E-Z FINANCE Everyone Approved* *Bad Credit No Problem A Job Is Your Credit* *For fast loan approval click FINANCING at www.bristollautomall.com* *AL...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: No
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 2T1BU4EE1CC774180
Stock: 8554wnh
Certified Pre-Owned: No - $11,795
Great price
$2,457 Below Market99,240 milesNo accidents, 3 Owners, Personal use only4cyl AutomaticRiverside Nissan (Hackensack, NJ)BluetoothTire Pressure Warnin...USB InputsTrip ComputerRear Bench Seats+moreLocated in Hackensack, NJ / 223 miles away from Ashburn, VA
Corolla L w/Power Windows, Icy AC, USB Port, Cd Player, Bluetooth, 4D Sedan, FWD, Electronic Stability Control, Panic alarm, Power door mirrors, Radio...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 2T1BU4EE3CC843483
Stock: 4081P
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 07-07-2022 - $11,977
Good price
$1,506 Below Market107,653 milesNo accidents, 3 Owners, Personal use only4cyl AutomaticSan Diego Chrysler Jeep Dodge Ram (San Diego, CA)BluetoothTire Pressure Warnin...USB InputsTrip ComputerRear Bench Seats+moreLocated in San Diego, CA / 2,244 miles away from Ashburn, VA
Excellent Condition. LE trim. FUEL EFFICIENT 34 MPG Hwy/26 MPG City! CD Player, iPod/MP3 Input, Bluetooth, Non-Smoker vehicle, "Everyone can appreciat...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: Yes
Features and Specs:
29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 5YFBU4EE4CP017869
Stock: 10211
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 08-12-2022 - $11,995
Good price
$1,775 Below Market99,067 milesNo accidents, 3 Owners, Rental vehicle4cyl AutomaticPerformance Kings Honda (Cincinnati, OH)BluetoothTire Pressure Warnin...USB InputsTrip ComputerRear Bench Seats+moreLocated in Cincinnati, OH / 366 miles away from Ashburn, VA
This *2012 Toyota Corolla LE* is loaded with convenient features like: Recent Trade, New Tires, Low Miles, Gas Saver, Remote Entry, Clean CarFax.*Serv...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 5YFBU4EE3CP015692
Stock: CP015692
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 06-30-2022 - $10,500
Great price
$1,897 Below Market135,386 milesNo accidents, 3 Owners, Personal use4cyl AutomaticWest Alabama Wholesale (Tuscaloosa, AL)BluetoothTire Pressure Warnin...USB InputsTrip ComputerRear Bench Seats+moreLocated in Tuscaloosa, AL / 690 miles away from Ashburn, VA
Visit West Alabama Wholesale online at westalabamawholsale.com to see more pictures of this vehicle or call us at 205-764-5573 today to schedule your...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 2T1BU4EE5CC893947
Stock: 893947
Certified Pre-Owned: No - $10,966
Good price
$1,777 Below Market109,158 miles1 Accident, 4 Owners, Corporate fleet vehicle4cyl AutomaticGlobal Auto Outlet (Temple Hills, MD)BluetoothTire Pressure Warnin...USB InputsTrip ComputerRear Bench Seats+moreLocated in Temple Hills, MD / 32 miles away from Ashburn, VA
Estimated monthly payment and estimated total purchase price include the Maryland processing fee of $500 (not required by law). Taxes and additional f...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: No
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 2T1BU4EE8CC804081
Stock: 804081
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 08-02-2022 - $19,590
Fair price
$508 Below Market12,573 milesNo accidents, 2 Owners, Personal use only4cyl AutomaticCarvana (In-stock online)Delivery available*BluetoothNavigationSunroof/MoonroofTire Pressure Warnin...USB Inputs+moreLocated in Philadelphia, PA / 144 miles away from Ashburn, VA
At Carvana, we want to help everyone Live Feelessly�. That's why we never charge last-minute, bogus fees. We believe in treating you better--we think ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 2T1BU4EEXCC865562
Stock: 2001867915
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 07-07-2022 - $11,995
Fair price
$2,165 Below Market100,186 milesNo accidents, 3 Owners, Personal use4cyl AutomaticG-Inspired Automall (Washington, IL)Tire Pressure Warnin...Trip ComputerRear Bench SeatsStability ControlAux Audio Inputs+moreLocated in Washington, IL / 646 miles away from Ashburn, VA
Meet our 2012 Toyota Corolla L Sedan shown in dynamic Nautical Blue Metallic. Powered by a proven 1.8 Liter 4 Cylinder that offers 132hp on demand whi...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 5YFBU4EE1CP047931
Stock: G22-41
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 02-22-2022 - $9,950
Good price
$1,634 Below Market149,845 milesNo accidents, 2 Owners, Corporate fleet vehicle4cyl AutomaticShift - Portland (Beaverton, OR)BluetoothTire Pressure Warnin...USB InputsTrip ComputerRear Bench Seats+moreLocated in Beaverton, OR / 2,327 miles away from Ashburn, VA
----------------See the full listing at shift.com/s/1508066 -------------- Shift offers delivery and provides financing at competitive rates. All cars...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 5YFBU4EE4CP015801
Stock: c161576
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 07-22-2022 - $13,995
Good price
$1,775 Below Market86,588 milesNo accidents, 2 Owners, Personal use only4cyl AutomaticAutoNation Honda Roseville (Roseville, CA)BluetoothNavigationSunroof/MoonroofTire Pressure Warnin...USB Inputs+moreLocated in Roseville, CA / 2,331 miles away from Ashburn, VA
The following items have been reconditioned on this vehicle: new brakes and all new tires! Entune AM/FM Stereo W/CD/MP3 Player & Navigation Sun/Moo...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 2T1BU4EEXCC905803
Stock: CC905803
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 08-07-2022 - $11,995
Good price
$1,343 Below Market107,483 milesNo accidents, 2 Owners, Personal use only4cyl AutomaticSo Cal Performance (San Diego, CA)BluetoothTire Pressure Warnin...USB InputsTrip ComputerRear Bench Seats+moreLocated in San Diego, CA / 2,239 miles away from Ashburn, VA
2012 Toyota Corolla Sedan SO CAL PERFORMANCE 7155 Mission Gorge Road, San Diego. GOCARLIST.com 619.908-1819 We take car/truck/RV/boat and motorcycle ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 5YFBU4EE5CP052369
Stock: 3535
Certified Pre-Owned: No - $17,590
Good price
$1,566 Below Market26,493 milesNo accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use only4cyl AutomaticCarvana (In-stock online)Delivery available*BluetoothNavigationTire Pressure Warnin...USB InputsTrip Computer+moreLocated in Philadelphia, PA / 144 miles away from Ashburn, VA
At Carvana, we want to help everyone Live Feelessly�. That's why we never charge last-minute, bogus fees. We believe in treating you better--we think ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 2T1BU4EE0CC853517
Stock: 2001739941
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 04-21-2022 - $13,995
Fair price
$1,096 Below Market76,126 milesNo accidents, 2 Owners, Rental vehicle4cyl AutomaticDriveway (In-stock online)Delivery available*BluetoothTire Pressure Warnin...USB InputsTrip ComputerRear Bench Seats+moreLocated in Fresno, CA / 2,288 miles away from Ashburn, VA
Rare Find,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,4 Cylinder Engine,4-Speed A/T,A/C,ABS,Adjustable Steering Wheel,AM/FM Stereo,Auxiliary Audio Input,Bluetooth,Brake As...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 5YFBU4EE2CP039644
Stock: CP039644NPR
Certified Pre-Owned: No - $16,195
Great price
$1,760 Below Market31,311 milesNo accidents, 3 Owners, Personal use only4cyl AutomaticSouth Bend DriveTime (Mishawaka, IN)BluetoothTire Pressure Warnin...USB InputsTrip ComputerRear Bench Seats+moreLocated in Mishawaka, IN / 493 miles away from Ashburn, VA
GENIUS TOOLS & VEHICLE BENEFITS: Experience the Genius Way to Buy a Car at DriveTime with true online financing terms, no haggle pricing and a pressur...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 2T1BU4EE9CC873538
Stock: 1670027815
Certified Pre-Owned: No - $12,994
Good price
$1,723 Below Market85,573 milesNo accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use only4cyl AutomaticChillicothe Truck (Chillicothe, OH)BluetoothTire Pressure Warnin...USB InputsTrip ComputerRear Bench Seats+moreLocated in Chillicothe, OH / 293 miles away from Ashburn, VA
2012 Silver Toyota Corolla LE FWD 4-Speed Automatic 1.8L I4 DOHC Dual VVT-i This Toyota Corolla has many features and is well equipped including, 6 Sp...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 2T1BU4EE1CC791870
Stock: CT-791870
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 07-19-2022 - $17,590
Fair price
$781 Below Market21,010 milesNo accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use4cyl AutomaticCarvana (In-stock online)Delivery available*BluetoothTire Pressure Warnin...USB InputsTrip ComputerRear Bench Seats+moreLocated in Detroit, MI / 380 miles away from Ashburn, VA
At Carvana, we want to help everyone Live Feelessly�. That's why we never charge last-minute, bogus fees. We believe in treating you better--we think ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JTDBU4EE2C9172359
Stock: 2001685661
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 04-11-2022 - $11,490
Fair price
$455 Below Market136,841 milesNo accidents, 3 Owners, Rental vehicle4cyl AutomaticHouse of Imports (Buena Park, CA)BluetoothTire Pressure Warnin...USB InputsTrip ComputerRear Bench Seats+moreLocated in Buena Park, CA / 2,260 miles away from Ashburn, VA
Bluetooth Connection Ash; Fabric Seat Trim This vehicle includes a Money-Back Guarantee* and passed our precise inspection process. Best of all the ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 5YFBU4EE1CP048531
Stock: CP048531
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 07-18-2022 - $11,995
Good price
$1,228 Below Market112,439 milesNo accidents, 3 Owners, Rental vehicle4cyl AutomaticReed Motors Pre-Owned Auto Sales (Phoenix, AZ)BluetoothTire Pressure Warnin...USB InputsTrip ComputerRear Bench Seats+moreLocated in Phoenix, AZ / 1,950 miles away from Ashburn, VA
Reed Motors 2121 E Indian School Rd Phoenix Az 85016 - open 10 am to 6 pm closed Sundays and Mondays - free carfax report at www.ReedMotorsOnline.com
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 2T1BU4EE4CC832525
Stock: 47713
Certified Pre-Owned: No - $17,590
Fair price
$343 Below Market29,845 milesNo accidents, 2 Owners, Personal use4cyl AutomaticCarvana (In-stock online)Delivery available*BluetoothTire Pressure Warnin...USB InputsTrip ComputerRear Bench Seats+moreLocated in Philadelphia, PA / 144 miles away from Ashburn, VA
At Carvana, we want to help everyone Live Feelessly�. That's why we never charge last-minute, bogus fees. We believe in treating you better--we think ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 5YFBU4EE4CP021338
Stock: 2001871083
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 06-16-2022 - $9,509
Fair price
178,195 milesNo accidents, 2 Owners, Personal use only4cyl AutomaticDriveway (In-stock online)Delivery available*BluetoothTire Pressure Warnin...USB InputsTrip ComputerRear Bench Seats+moreLocated in Austin, TX / 1,297 miles away from Ashburn, VA
Bluetooth,Brake Assist,4 Cylinder Engine,4-Speed A/T,A/C,ABS,Adjustable Steering Wheel,Aluminum Wheels,AM/FM Stereo,Auxiliary Audio Input,Bluetooth,Br...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 2T1BU4EE8CC784205
Stock: CC784205A
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Consumer Reviews for the Toyota Corolla
- 5(53%)
- 4(24%)
- 3(8%)
- 2(16%)
Related Toyota Corolla info
Used vehicles for sale
- Used INFINITI Q50 2007
- Used Chevrolet Blazer 2020
- Used Volvo V50 2005 For Sale
- Used FIAT 124 Spider 2018
- Used Genesis G70 2019
- Used Chevrolet Camaro 2002
- Used Ford F-250 Super Duty 2016
- Used Mazda 6 1991 For Sale
- Used Ram 1500 2008
- Used Cadillac CTS 2014
- Used Lexus RX 350L 2018
- Used Kia K5 2012
- Used Toyota 4Runner 2020
- Used Kia Sorento 2018
- Used Chrysler Concorde 2002 For Sale
- Used Toyota GR Supra 1998
Shop used vehicles by model
- Used Ford Transit Van
- Used BMW 6 Series
- Used Lincoln MKT
- Used Porsche Cayman
- Used Mercedes Benz Gle Class
- Used BMW M4 GTS
- Used Subaru Ascent
- Used Volvo C70
- Used Toyota Corolla Hatchback
- Used Toyota MR2 Spyder
- Used Nissan Frontier
- Used Acura TSX Sport Wagon
- Used Ferrari 458 Italia
Shop used models by city
- Used Ram 2500 in Long Beach, CA
- Used Toyota Prius Prime in Austin, TX
- Used GMC Savana Cargo in Dallas, TX
- Used Dodge Magnum in Baltimore, MD
- Used Ford Transit Wagon in Oakland, CA
- Used Infiniti QX56 in Santa Ana, CA
- Used Cadillac Escalade Ext in Bellevue, WA
- Used Kia Rio in Everett, WA
- Used Infiniti G37 Sedan in Orange, CA
- Used Kia Rio in Rockville, MD
Shop used model years by city
- Used Toyota Tacoma 2013 in Columbus, OH
- Used Toyota 4Runner 2015 in Stone Mountain, GA
- Used Toyota 4Runner 2015 in Harrisburg, PA
Recommended
- Oldsmobile Achieva 1994
- Dodge Stealth 1995 Coupe
- Plymouth Sundance 1993 Features Specs
- Fiat 500 2017 Review
- Volkswagen Jetta 2011 Pictures Interior
Other models
- New Cadillac Ct4-V-Blackwing for Sale in Takoma Park, MD
- New Hyundai Veloster for Sale in Seminole, FL
- New Honda Cr-V-Hybrid for Sale in Boulder, CO
- New GMC Sierra-3500Hd for Sale in Natchez, MS
- New BMW Ix for Sale in Carlsbad, CA
- New Subaru Legacy for Sale in Wenatchee, WA
- New Audi RS-6 for Sale in North Olmsted, OH
- New Audi Q3 for Sale in Tahlequah, OK
- New BMW Z4 for Sale in Absecon, NJ
- Used Honda Accord in Berwick, PA
- New Mazda CX-50 for Sale in Middletown, NY
- New Nissan Leaf for Sale in Saratoga Springs, NY
- New Lincoln Aviator for Sale in Fernandina Beach, FL
- New Audi SQ8 for Sale in Lake Saint Louis, MO
- New Chrysler 300 for Sale in East Peoria, IL
- New Lincoln Aviator for Sale in Pooler, GA
- New Maserati Levante for Sale in Dickson, TN
- New Porsche Macan for Sale in Mission Viejo, CA
- New BMW M8-Gran-Coupe for Sale in Eatontown, NJ
- New Audi Q4-E-Tron for Sale in Victorville, CA
- New Dodge Charger for Sale in Millington, TN
- New Honda CR-V for Sale in Mchenry, IL
- New Volkswagen Arteon for Sale in West Chicago, IL
- New Nissan Titan-Xd for Sale in Fort Lee, NJ
- New Volkswagen Golf-R for Sale in Suffern, NY
- New Toyota Camry-Hybrid for Sale in Woodstock, IL
- New Toyota Prius-Prime for Sale in Summit, NJ
- Used Kia Ev6 in Ocoee, FL
- New Lexus RX-350L for Sale in Mcalester, OK
- New Hyundai Kona-Electric for Sale in Auburn, CA
* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.