Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
993 listings
  • Price Drop
    $34,153
    fair price
    $688 above market
    • 17,007 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Bakersfield Chrysler Jeep (133 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Bakersfield, CA / 133 miles away from Riverside, CA

    Welcome to Bakersfield Chrysler Jeep!Cactus Gray 2023 Ford Ranger XLT 10-Speed Automatic EcoBoost 2.3L I4 GTDi DOHC Turbocharged VCT One Owner Carfax,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4EH2PLE31062
    Stock: C18889
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-11-2025

  • $31,995
    good price
    $1,651 below market
    • 40,675 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Sterling Heights, MI / 1,941 miles away from Riverside, CA

    Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Lane Keeping Assist,Remote Start,Satellite Radio,Tow Hitch,Turbo/Supercharged,W...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4FH5PLE18191
    Stock: PLE18191A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes

    • 31,268 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 1,188 miles away from Riverside, CA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4EH5MLD58197
    Stock: 2003686204
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-24-2025

  • $32,870
    fair price
    $1,140 above market
    • 20,175 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Pedder Chrysler Dodge Ram + Jeep of Poway (73 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    Close

    Located in Poway, CA / 73 miles away from Riverside, CA

    This 2023 Velocity Blue Metallic Ford Ranger XLT RWD is well equipped and includes these features and benefits: Equipment Group 301A Mid (110V AC Powe...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4EH7PLE35916
    Stock: CP25290
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-24-2025

  • $25,998
    fair price
    $925 below market
    • 47,069 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Middletown, NY / 2,377 miles away from Riverside, CA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Lane Keeping Assist,Remote Start,Satellite Radio,T...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4FH7LLA34536
    Stock: LLA34536P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 40,562 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 1,188 miles away from Riverside, CA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4FH9PLE04892
    Stock: 2003534618
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-08-2025

  • $35,999
    fair price
    $278 above market
    • 13,833 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Dolan Dodge Ram Fiat (406 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Reno, NV / 406 miles away from Riverside, CA

    2023 Ford Ranger XLT This vehicle is brought to you by Dolan Dodge Ram located in Reno, Nevada and is available for immediate delivery.Clean CARFAX.CA...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4FH9PLE27542
    Stock: DAD25068A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-24-2025

  • $28,131
    fair price
    $872 below market
    • 37,784 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Yorkville, NY / 2,333 miles away from Riverside, CA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Lane Keeping Assist,Remote Start,Satellite Radio,T...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4FH9LLA78215
    Stock: DA78215A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $29,999
    fair price
    $685 below market
    • 53,944 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Gastonia, NC / 2,052 miles away from Riverside, CA

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4FH1NLD54390
    Stock: 8GLY7G
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-04-2025

  • $27,930
    fair price
    $549 above market
    • 89,212 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Springfield, VA / 2,241 miles away from Riverside, CA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Rare Find,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Lane Keeping Assist,Remot...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4FH3NLD08351
    Stock: 24727P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $24,315
    fair price
    $510 below market
    • 62,341 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Future Lincoln of Roseville (395 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Roseville, CA / 395 miles away from Riverside, CA

    Certified. Oxford White Ranger XL Clean CARFAX. EcoBoost 2.3L I4 GTDi DOHC Turbocharged VCT21/26 City/Highway MPGFord Gold Certified Details: * Powert...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4EH9LLA64929
    Stock: R99300A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-16-2025

  • Price Drop
    $21,400
    fair price
    $1,137 below market
    • 53,980 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Tracy Honda (349 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Tracy, CA / 349 miles away from Riverside, CA

    Elevate your driving experience with the 2020 Ford Ranger XL, featuring a cutting-edge ELECTRONIC 10-SPEED SELECTSHIFT AUTO transmission that offers s...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER1EH5LLA04113
    Stock: 236041
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-19-2025

  • $33,430
    fair price
    $791 above market
    • 4,644 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4'12” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Ford of Fairfield (396 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Fairfield, CA / 396 miles away from Riverside, CA

    Fresh Oil Change, Inspected by a Ford Certified Mechanic.Oxford White EcoBoost 2.3L I4 GTDi DOHC Turbocharged VCT RWD 10-Speed Automatic Clean CARFAX.

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (21 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4BH8RLE56474
    Stock: 241224DL
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-27-2025

    • 38,492 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 1,193 miles away from Riverside, CA

    Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Lane Keeping Assist,Remote Start,Satellite Radio,Tow Hitch,Turbo/S...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4FH8MLD12636
    Stock: MLD12636P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $38,200
    fair price
    $429 below market
    • 24,043 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Horne Nissan Yuma (183 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Yuma, AZ / 183 miles away from Riverside, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4FH1PLE23422
    Stock: PLE23422
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-23-2025

  • Price Drop
    $35,490
    fair price
    $433 above market
    • 11,550 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Tracy Ford (349 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    Close

    Located in Tracy, CA / 349 miles away from Riverside, CA

    **BLUETOOTH WIRELESS / HANDS FREE**, **ACTIVE BLIND SPOT MONITOR**, **BACK UP CAMERA**, **CUSTOM WHEELS AND TIRES**, **CLEAN CARFAX**, **ONE OWNER CAR...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4EH5PLE02770
    Stock: UF15943
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-12-2025

  • $35,101
    fair price
    $804 below market
    • 35,391 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • El Cajon Ford (84 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in El Cajon, CA / 84 miles away from Riverside, CA

    This 2022 Ford Ranger XLT, has a exterior and an interior color. 35391 miles. Stock Number *0241317A. You can connect with us by calling (6**) 4**-...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4FH5NLD17357
    Stock: 0241317A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-22-2025

  • Price Drop
    $25,995
    fair price
    $388 above market
    • 23,554 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Peoria Ford (293 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    Close

    Located in Peoria, AZ / 293 miles away from Riverside, CA

    Conquer the Road with the 2019 Ford Ranger XLT: Power, Precision, and Style in Lightning Blue MetallicExperience the perfect blend of power and precis...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4EH0KLA76434
    Stock: P13955
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-26-2024

  • New Listing
    $20,990
    fair price
    $349 above market
    • 124,681 miles
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Oklahoma City, OK / 1,129 miles away from Riverside, CA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4EH5LLA04212
    Stock: 2003508430
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-20-2025

  • $30,684
    good price
    $1,375 below market
    • 30,632 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 6'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Capital Ford (381 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Carson City, NV / 381 miles away from Riverside, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER1FH8MLD52200
    Stock: 39891A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-01-2025

  • $39,673
    fair price
    $334 below market
    • 11,535 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Hudson, WI / 1,507 miles away from Riverside, CA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Low Mileage,Rare Find,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4FH9NLD20603
    Stock: NLD20603P
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes

Showing 589 - 609 out of 993 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Ford Ranger

Read recent reviews for the Ford Ranger
Overall Consumer Rating
4.2 out of 5 stars150 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 150 reviews
  • 5 star
    (59%)
  • 4 star
    (29%)
  • 3 star
    (8%)
  • 2 star
    (3%)
  • 1 star
    (1%)
4 out of 5 stars

Good reliable truck for the money!

Bill Slater, 11/13/2015
2002 Ford Ranger XLT FX4 4dr SuperCab 4WD (4.0L 6cyl 5A)
Very reliable truck I've owned 5 rangers in my lifetime when I grew up my family has owned them dad and grandfather My recent ranger I've owned for over 3 years 2002 4x4 fx4 great truck great in the snow 4x4 works awesome I get poor fuel economy 13 city lucky if I get 17 highway but no need to complain no 4x4 midsize truck will get good fuel economy I have 93000 miles on it besides … brakes and replacing the shackle springs which my 93 ranger I had to replace common Problem on all rangers if I ranked my truck I'd give it a solid 9 out of 10
Report abuse
Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Truck Details

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.