Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
858 listings
    • 224,502 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 9 Seats, 12 City / 16 Hwy MPG
    • Salvage Reseller (161 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Coconut Creek, FL / 161 miles away from Sarasota, FL

    This vehicle is located at Mebane, NC Copart yard. Join our online auctions to see its final price. All purchases must take place online at www.salvag...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    13 Combined MPG (12 City/16 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3GNFK16Z33G137747
    Stock: 55563055
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-28-2025

  • $6,995
    great price
    $3,250 below market
    • 200,000 miles
    • 2 accidents, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 8 Seats, 15 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Check Auto (47 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 47 miles away from Sarasota, FL

    2014 Chevrolet Suburban LT 4x2 4dr SUV Located at 7102 N Florida Ave Tampa 33604 FL ANY QUESTIONS CALL&TEXT AT 8*** fresh painted . Bumper to bumper...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNSCJE08ER231530
    Stock: 231530
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-17-2025

    • Not provided
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 9 Seats, 13 City / 17 Hwy MPG
    • Extreme Motorcars (130 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Cocoa, FL / 130 miles away from Sarasota, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (13 City/17 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3GNFK16Z55G246228
    Stock: 5431
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-08-2025

  • New Listing
    $7,495
    great price
    $3,158 below market
    • 191,890 miles
    • 2 accidents, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 8 Seats, 15 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Select Auto Hollywood (170 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Hollywood, FL / 170 miles away from Sarasota, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNSCJE09ER227762
    Stock: 227762
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-08-2025

  • Advertisement
    Also Consider

    7 Offers Nearby

    2025 Suburban
    $62,000
    starting MSRP
    • 6 Colors
    • 6 Trims
    • 1 Package
    View Offers 
    *The Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price excludes destination freight charge, tax, title, license, dealer fees and optional equipment. Click here to see all Chevrolet vehicles' destination freight charges. Dealer sets the final price.
  • New Listing
    • 122,380 miles
    • Insurance loss reported, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Salvage Reseller (161 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Coconut Creek, FL / 161 miles away from Sarasota, FL

    This vehicle is located at Lebanon, TN Copart yard. Join our online auctions to see its final price. All purchases must take place online at www.salva...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNSCKKC9FR151532
    Stock: 54209315
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-06-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $22,991
    great price
    $4,984 below market
    • 102,730 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Kendall Toyota (178 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Miami, FL / 178 miles away from Sarasota, FL

    Selling price excludes $949.00 Pre Delivery Service Fee, $548.00 Electronic Registration Filing Fee and $70.00 Private Tag Agency Fee. This Suburban i...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNSKJKC7GR322258
    Stock: T46563A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-05-2025

  • $20,997
    fair price
    $1,038 below market
    • 97,404 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • AutoNation Chevrolet South Clearwater (42 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Clearwater, FL / 42 miles away from Sarasota, FL

    The following items have been reconditioned on this vehicle: new brakes! Luxury PackageWheels; 20" X 9" (50.8 Cm X 22.9 Cm) Polished-AluminumSeat...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNSCHKC5GR442078
    Stock: GR442078
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-17-2025

  • $14,800
    good price
    $1,710 below market
    • 138,026 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Second 2 None Auto Center (95 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Naples, FL / 95 miles away from Sarasota, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNSKKE74ER140941
    Stock: 140941
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-12-2024

  • Advertisement
    Also Consider

    7 Offers Nearby

    2025 Suburban
    $62,000
    starting MSRP
    • 6 Colors
    • 6 Trims
    • 1 Package
    View Offers 
    *The Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price excludes destination freight charge, tax, title, license, dealer fees and optional equipment. Click here to see all Chevrolet vehicles' destination freight charges. Dealer sets the final price.
  • $24,961
    fair price
    $1,405 below market
    • 84,513 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Cape Coral Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (59 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Cape Coral, FL / 59 miles away from Sarasota, FL

    🚙 2016 Chevrolet Suburban 1500 LTZ – Fully Loaded & Ready for Adventure! 🚙This Black 2016 Chevrolet Suburban LTZ is the ultimate full-size SUV, bl...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNSCJKC6GR469023
    Stock: W5X501999B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-06-2025

  • New Listing
    $16,170
    good price
    $1,412 below market
    • 143,325 miles
    • 2 accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Ed Morse Bayview Cadillac (169 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Fort Lauderdale, FL / 169 miles away from Sarasota, FL

    Recent Arrival! 2016 Chevrolet Suburban LT BlackReviews: * Seats up to nine people; big cargo capacity; quiet highway ride; strong V8 power; high...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNSCHKC0GR271708
    Stock: SZ313986B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-05-2025

  • $19,995
    fair price
    $458 below market
    • 116,501 miles
    • 3 accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • AutoNation Chevrolet Pembroke Pines (167 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Pembroke Pines, FL / 167 miles away from Sarasota, FL

    Sun; Entertainment And Destinations PackageEntertainment System; Rear Seat; Blu-Ray/DvdSunroof; Power; Tilt-SlidingSeats; Second Row Bucket; Manual...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNSCHKC4GR442914
    Stock: GR442914
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-29-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 189,982 miles
    • Frame damage reported, 4 owners, rental vehicle
    • 8 Seats, 15 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Mendez Auto Sales (97 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Saint Cloud, FL / 97 miles away from Sarasota, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: Yes

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNSCJE0XER200554
    Stock: 200554
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Advertisement
    Also Consider

    7 Offers Nearby

    2025 Suburban
    $62,000
    starting MSRP
    • 6 Colors
    • 6 Trims
    • 1 Package
    View Offers 
    *The Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price excludes destination freight charge, tax, title, license, dealer fees and optional equipment. Click here to see all Chevrolet vehicles' destination freight charges. Dealer sets the final price.
  • New Listing
    • Not provided
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 9 Seats
    • Dynamic Motors (41 mi away)
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Alarm
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Largo, FL / 41 miles away from Sarasota, FL

    CALL (7**) 2**-8*** FOR MORE INFORMATION ON THIS VEHICLE!E-Z FINANCE Bad Credit No Problem, A Job Is Your Credit*For fast loan approval click "Apply o...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3GNGC26U54G297030
    Stock: 7030
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-15-2024

    • 172,601 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Ocean Auto Sales (176 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Miami, FL / 176 miles away from Sarasota, FL

    Come and visit us at www.oceanautosales.com for our expanded inventory. This offer excludes registration, tax, and all applicable fees. Online listing...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNSCKE0XER151927
    Stock: 151927
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-15-2024

    • 102,059 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 874 miles away from Sarasota, FL

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNSKKE75ER229515
    Stock: 2003694156
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-03-2025

  • $15,999
    great price
    $3,473 below market
    • 158,948 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • QLD Auto (51 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 51 miles away from Sarasota, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNSKKKC6FR182949
    Stock: 182949
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-28-2025

  • Advertisement
    Also Consider

    7 Offers Nearby

    2025 Suburban
    $62,000
    starting MSRP
    • 6 Colors
    • 6 Trims
    • 1 Package
    View Offers 
    *The Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price excludes destination freight charge, tax, title, license, dealer fees and optional equipment. Click here to see all Chevrolet vehicles' destination freight charges. Dealer sets the final price.
    • 101,430 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 8 Seats, 15 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Edison Bridge Auto Sales (63 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Fort Myers, FL / 63 miles away from Sarasota, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNSCHE08ER180989
    Stock: 3626A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-02-2025

  • New Listing
    $8,999
    great price
    $4,816 below market
    • 185,444 miles
    • 1 accident, 4 owners, rental vehicle
    • 8 Seats, 16 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Brandon Nissan (43 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 43 miles away from Sarasota, FL

    2015 Chevrolet Suburban LT LT EcoTec3 5.3L V8 RWD 6-Speed Automatic Electronic with Overdrive BlackTHIS VEHICLE IS EQUIPT WITH THE FOLLOWING FEATURES ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNSCJKC7FR530846
    Stock: FR530846
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-05-2025

  • New Listing
    • 139,635 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 8 Seats, 15 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Roseburg, OR / 2,513 miles away from Sarasota, FL

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,3rd Row Seat,Back-Up Camera,Remote Start,Satellite Radio,Tow Hitch,Power Door Locks,Satellite Radio,Floor Mats,Running Bo...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNSKHE71ER216554
    Stock: 1739A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $14,950
    great price
    $9,178 below market
    • 80,909 miles
    • 8 Seats, 15 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • EZ Automobile Brokers (165 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Deerfield Beach, FL / 165 miles away from Sarasota, FL

    2015 Chevrolet Suburban LT 4x4 4dr SUV. For more pictures and all of our inventory please visit our website at www.EZAutomobileBrokers.com or call u...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNSKJKC2FR175497
    Stock: 175497
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-09-2025

  • New Listing
    • 89,061 miles
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 874 miles away from Sarasota, FL

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNSKKE70ER143335
    Stock: 2003750499
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-17-2025

Showing 43 - 63 out of 858 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Chevrolet Suburban

Read recent reviews for the Chevrolet Suburban
Overall Consumer Rating
4.2 out of 5 stars51 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 51 reviews
  • 5 star
    (61%)
  • 4 star
    (22%)
  • 3 star
    (8%)
  • 2 star
    (6%)
  • 1 star
    (4%)
2.38 out of 5 stars

Sinking More Money Into my 2008 Suburban

08suburbanne, 02/18/2015
2008 Chevrolet Suburban LT 1500 4dr SUV 4WD (5.3L 8cyl 4A)
So very disappointed with my 2008 Suburban. The car stalled in motion and I lost control. Had it towed to the dealership and told my CPS (Crank Shaft Sensor) failed but my VIN is not covered under the recall (GM06083) which is for the same issue. $500 out of my pocket. Dealership - no help! Called GM - no help. Called NHTSA - filed safety complaint. Thankfully not many cars were out on … the road but I could have been hit and having my young son in the car was nerve racking. 15 months ago engine went - again another known problem but no recall on my VIN. Very disappointed Chevy owner here! Been a Chevy owner for 20 years. Stand behind what you build!
Report abuse
Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.