Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
502 listings
  • New Listing
    $30,998
    good price
    $3,382 below market
    • 36,715 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • Safford Brown CDJR Sterling (33 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Sterling, VA / 33 miles away from Columbia, MD

    Clean CARFAX. Sting-Gray Clearcoat 2021 Jeep Gladiator Sport 4WD 8-Speed Automatic 3.6L V6 24V VVT Backup Camera, Apple Car Play / Android Auto, 240 A...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6HJTAG7ML553270
    Stock: P917
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-19-2025

  • $28,950
    good price
    $3,180 below market
    • 43,847 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • Waldorf Toyota (40 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Waldorf, MD / 40 miles away from Columbia, MD

    **Recent Arrival!** **CLEAN Carfax!** **Local Trade!** **4x4!** **Fuel Saver!** **Good Miles!** **Loaded w/ Options!** **Customer Preferred Package!**...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6JJTAG9LL188493
    Stock: 0N38258A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-15-2025

  • Price Drop
    $37,992
    good price
    $3,549 below market
    • 38,607 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • Criswell Chrysler Dodge Jeep RAM of Thurmont (40 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Thurmont, MD / 40 miles away from Columbia, MD

    **AMERICAN RACING WHEELS**2021 Jeep Gladiator Mojave Black Clearcoat 1-Year SiriusXM Guardian Trial, 240 Amp Alternator, 5-Year SiriusXM Traffic Servi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6JJTEG4ML529021
    Stock: D250415A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-26-2025

  • Price Drop
    $30,995
    good price
    $2,598 below market
    • 22,989 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • Ourisman Honda (20 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Bethesda, MD / 20 miles away from Columbia, MD

    2022 Jeep Gladiator Sport Bright White Clearcoat CARFAX One-Owner. Odometer is 15950 miles below market average!

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6JJTAGXNL118472
    Stock: 169506A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-07-2025

  • Price Drop
    $41,000
    good price
    $2,309 below market
    • 18,131 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • Koons Tysons Chevy GMC (28 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Vienna, VA / 28 miles away from Columbia, MD

    240 Amp Alternator, Blind Spot & Cross Path Detection, Body Color 3-Piece Hard Top, Class IV Receiver Hitch, Cold Weather Group, Daytime Running Lamps...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6JJTEG4PL591250
    Stock: 12181A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-17-2025

  • $35,000
    good price
    $1,802 below market
    • 47,705 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5'0” bed, 3l, 6cyl
    • Ourisman Hyundai of Bowie (22 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Bowie, MD / 22 miles away from Columbia, MD

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6JJTFM6NL130536
    Stock: BH8528
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-26-2025

  • $39,019
    good price
    $2,678 below market
    • 42,185 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • Fred Frederick Chrysler Jeep Dodge Ram Laurel (8 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Laurel, MD / 8 miles away from Columbia, MD

    This Jeep won't be on the lot long! Ensuring composure no matter the driving circumstances! This 4 door, 5 passenger truck still has less than 45,000 ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6JJTEGXML530092
    Stock: N1421A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-24-2024

  • Price Drop
    $24,000
    good price
    $2,175 below market
    • 54,635 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • Koons Buick GMC of Woodbridge (45 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Woodbridge, VA / 45 miles away from Columbia, MD

    2020 Jeep Gladiator Sport Black Clearcoat Apple Carplay & Android Audio, Power Sunroof, Sirius XM, Backup Camera, Air Conditioning, AM/FM radio, Anti-...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6HJTAG2LL160436
    Stock: P4730
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-28-2025

  • Price Drop
    $32,900
    good price
    $2,165 below market
    • 24,354 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • Lindsay Manassas Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (43 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Manassas, VA / 43 miles away from Columbia, MD

    *LOW MILEAGE*, *WELL MAINTAINED*, SOFT TOP, APPLE CARPLAY/ANDROID AUTO, UCONNECT 8.4 NAV, BLUETOOTH, ALPINE PREMIUM SOUND SYSTEM, PUSH-BUTTON START, R...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6HJTFG6NL138189
    Stock: MD1402
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-25-2025

  • New Listing
    $29,998
    fair price
    $456 above market
    • 47,546 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • CarMax Laurel (7 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Laurel, MD / 7 miles away from Columbia, MD

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6HJTAG0PL507686
    Stock: 27078233
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $34,814
    fair price
    $1,814 below market
    • 31,898 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • Fair Oaks Chrysler Jeep Dodge Ram (38 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Chantilly, VA / 38 miles away from Columbia, MD

    Certified. 2022 Jeep Gladiator RubiconCARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX.Odometer is 3011 miles below market average! Gladiator Rubicon, FCA US LLC Ce...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6JJTBG7NL105273
    Stock: PNL105273
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-23-2025

  • $31,500
    good price
    $1,427 below market
    • 37,235 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • Len Stoler Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (24 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Westminster, MD / 24 miles away from Columbia, MD

    2020 Jeep Gladiator Overland Firecracker Red Clearcoat 8-Speed Automatic 4WD 3.6L V6 24V VVTClean CARFAX. Odometer is 15046 miles below market average...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6HJTFG1LL138176
    Stock: BJ1411
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-31-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $40,988
    good price
    $1,871 below market
    • 25,055 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • Heritage Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram Owings Mills (16 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Owings Mills, MD / 16 miles away from Columbia, MD

    JUST ARRIVED. PENDING INSPECTION. Recent Arrival! **3 PIECE HARD TOP*,*APPLE CARPLAY/ANDROID AUTO**, *HEATED LEATHER SEATS*, *BLIND SPOT SENSORS*, *BA...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6JJTEG5ML578244
    Stock: CP578244
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-25-2025

  • Price Drop
    $27,800
    fair price
    $738 above market
    • 44,445 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • Heritage Chrysler Jeep Dodge Ram Parkville (23 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Baltimore, MD / 23 miles away from Columbia, MD

    Recent Arrival! *Carfax One-Owner*, **4X4**, **APPLE CARPLAY/ANDROID AUTO**, **FORWARD COLLISION MITIGATION ASSIST**, **LANE KEEPING ASSIST**, **BLUET...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6HJTAG8PL527281
    Stock: LP527281
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-12-2025

  • $33,977
    fair price
    $629 below market
    • 47,729 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • Fitzgerald Rockville GMC (17 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Rockville, MD / 17 miles away from Columbia, MD

    CARFAX One-Owner.4D Crew Cab, 8-Speed Automatic, 9 Speakers, ABS brakes, AM/FM radio: SiriusXM, Apple CarPlay/Android Auto, Body Color 3-Piece Hard ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6JJTBG9PL522087
    Stock: CR22087
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-02-2025

  • Price Drop
    $33,500
    fair price
    $444 above market
    • 12,016 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • Len Stoler Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (24 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Westminster, MD / 24 miles away from Columbia, MD

    2023 Jeep Gladiator Overland Bright White Clearcoat 8-Speed Automatic 4WD 3.6L V6 24V VVTCARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. Odometer is 36251 miles below...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6HJTFG3PL535667
    Stock: BJ1623
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-30-2025

  • Price Drop
    $30,525
    fair price
    $1,009 below market
    • 43,546 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • Bayside Pre-Owned Super Center (47 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Prince Frederick, MD / 47 miles away from Columbia, MD

    One Owner and ready to rumble, this 2022 Jeep Gladiator Sport is part pickup, part Jeep, and all attitude. It’s like if a Wrangler hit the gym and dec...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6HJTAG6NL132884
    Stock: NL132884
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-04-2025

  • Price Drop
    $31,000
    fair price
    $601 above market
    • 18,314 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • Heritage Chrysler Jeep Dodge Ram Parkville (23 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Baltimore, MD / 23 miles away from Columbia, MD

    Recent Arrival! *Carfax One-Owner*, **POWER DRIVERS SEAT**, **APPLE CARPLAY/ANDROID AUTO**, **BLUETOOTH**, **BACKUP CAMERA**, **REMOTE KEYLESS ENTRY**...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6HJTAG5PL544894
    Stock: LU544894
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-14-2025

  • Price Drop
    $33,000
    fair price
    $16 below market
    • 64,185 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • Auto Giants Mitsubishi (42 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Manassas, VA / 42 miles away from Columbia, MD

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6JJTBG6LL191785
    Stock: U2691
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-12-2025

  • $31,993
    fair price
    $1,336 above market
    • 15,331 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • Criswell Chrysler Dodge Jeep RAM of Thurmont (40 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Thurmont, MD / 40 miles away from Columbia, MD

    2023 Jeep Gladiator Sport Black Clearcoat MOPAR Spray In Bedliner, Quick Order Package 24B Sport. CARFAX One-Owner.Odometer is 22552 miles below mark...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6HJTAG2PL573785
    Stock: D250270A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-14-2025

  • $38,300
    fair price
    $306 above market
    • 20,172 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • Len Stoler Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (24 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Westminster, MD / 24 miles away from Columbia, MD

    2021 Jeep Gladiator Mojave Black Clearcoat 8-Speed Automatic 4WD 3.6L V6 24V VVTClean CARFAX. Odometer is 13031 miles below market average!BLUETOOTH, ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6JJTEG0ML527038
    Stock: BJ1664
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-06-2025

Showing 22 - 42 out of 502 listings
Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius50 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Truck Details

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.