Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
417 listings
    • 44,977 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Philadelphia, PA / 690 miles away from Naperville, IL

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNDRS6LZ236765
    Stock: 2003669335
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-22-2025

    • 10,468 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • LeValley Chevrolet GMC (90 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Benton Harbor, MI / 90 miles away from Naperville, IL

    One Owner Trade! Premium Luxury Ediition with the 3.6 V6, Advance Security Package, Bose Sound System, Park Assist, and the very cool Puddle lamps wit...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNDRS8RZ734541
    Stock: P2340
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-01-2025

  • $44,999
    great price
    $4,928 below market
    • 8,027 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Eatontown, NJ / 741 miles away from Naperville, IL

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,Heated Steering...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNCR4XSZ100861
    Stock: SZ100861T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 60,492 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • S&M Auto Sales (24 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 24 miles away from Naperville, IL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNDRS6LZ174736
    Stock: 79301
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-18-2024

  • Price Drop
    • 35,990 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Huntley Ford (28 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Huntley, IL / 28 miles away from Naperville, IL

    2024 Cadillac XT5 Automatic Dual-Zone Climate Control, Automatic Emergency Braking, Dual Driver Info Center Display Gauge Cluster, Front & Rear Park A...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNDRS9RZ716534
    Stock: S1028
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-05-2025

  • New Listing
    • 76,836 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Zeigler Buick GMC of Lincolnwood (27 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Lincolnwood, IL / 27 miles away from Naperville, IL

    Recent Arrival! 2018 Cadillac XT5 Luxury Stellar Black Metallic AWD*.At Zeigler Buick GMC of Lincolnwood, we take pride in treating our customers lik...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNDRS1JZ188377
    Stock: PA7901A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-30-2025

  • New Listing
    • 49,095 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Birmingham, AL / 576 miles away from Naperville, IL

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNCRS5LZ130947
    Stock: 2003668387
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-01-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 90,181 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Kunes Buick GMC of Oak Creek (79 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Oak Creek, WI / 79 miles away from Naperville, IL

    ** PANORAMIC ROOF, ** LEATHER, ** HEATED SEATS, ** BACKUP CAMERA, ** KEYLESS START, ** KEYLESS ENTRY, ** BLIND SPOT MONITOR, ** BLUETOOTH.Milwaukee's ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNCRS7LZ172990
    Stock: 44K143
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-10-2025

  • $47,271
    good price
    $4,007 below market
    • 5,046 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Motor Werks Cadillac (24 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Barrington, IL / 24 miles away from Naperville, IL

    Recent Arrival! Crystal White Tricoat 2025 Cadillac XT5 Premium Luxury 2.0L Turbocharged AWD20 6-Split Spoke Alloy Wheels, Automatic Emergency Braking...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNDR46SZ111541
    Stock: C0769L
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-05-2024

  • $15,495
    great price
    $1,737 below market
    • 95,302 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Blue Sky Auto Sales Brighton Park (23 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 23 miles away from Naperville, IL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNDRS6KZ175304
    Stock: KZ175304
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-18-2025

  • Price Drop
    $10,295
    great price
    $1,651 below market
    • 153,885 miles
    • 3 accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Napleton's Arlington Heights Chrysler Jeep Dodge Ram (26 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Arlington Heights, IL / 26 miles away from Naperville, IL

    2017 Cadillac XT5 Premium Luxury Dark Adriatic Blue MetallicAdaptive Suspension, Body-Color Heated Power-Adjustable Outside Mirrors, Bose Studio Surro...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNERS1HZ180523
    Stock: PM7134A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-16-2025

  • $51,500
    fair price
    $1,697 below market
    • 3,016 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Patrick Volvo Cars (18 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Schaumburg, IL / 18 miles away from Naperville, IL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNCRS4SZ101101
    Stock: 25004
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-09-2024

  • Price Drop
    $17,713
    good price
    $810 below market
    • 88,794 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Phillips Chevrolet (24 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Frankfort, IL / 24 miles away from Naperville, IL

    Backup Camera, Carfax Buyback Guarantee. 2019 Cadillac XT5 Red Horizon Tintcoat Luxury 4D Sport Utility AWD 8-Speed Automatic 18/25 City/Highway MPG 3...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNDRS1KZ180443
    Stock: T22933A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-25-2025

  • Price Drop
    $48,333
    fair price
    $664 below market
    • 4,124 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Napleton Cadillac of Oak Lawn (22 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Oak Lawn, IL / 22 miles away from Naperville, IL

    Heated Leather Seats, Nav System, Moonroof, Power Liftgate, Panoramic Roof, Turbo Charged Engine, Aluminum Wheels, CADILLAC USER EXPERIENCE WITH EMBED...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNCR43SZ101611
    Stock: 35072A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-03-2025

  • Price Drop
    $20,555
    good price
    $1,344 below market
    • 51,956 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Advantage Chevrolet of Hodgkins (14 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Hodgkins, IL / 14 miles away from Naperville, IL

    Odometer is 15333 miles below market average! Crystal White Tricoat 2019 Cadillac XT5 4D Sport Utility Luxury 3.6L V6 DI VVT 18/25 City/Highway MPG Au...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNDRS4KZ281461
    Stock: LP19559A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-08-2025

  • Price Drop
    $47,998
    fair price
    $1,740 below market
    • 1,113 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to IL*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Buena Park, CA / 1,709 miles away from Naperville, IL

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNCRS8SZ104762
    Stock: 27329968
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $12,975
    fair price
    $335 below market
    • 127,188 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Arlington Heights Buick GMC (26 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Arlington Heights, IL / 26 miles away from Naperville, IL

    LUXURY. HEATED LEATHER SEATING. 8'' COLOR TOUCHSCREEN RADIO. APPLE CAR PLAY & ANDROID AUTO. REMOTE VEHICLE STARTER. USB PORTS. BLUETOOTH FOR PHONE. 18...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNCRS5KZ106632
    Stock: B2549A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-16-2025

  • $15,995
    good price
    $1,161 below market
    • 95,453 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Schererville Auto Sales (40 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Schererville, IN / 40 miles away from Naperville, IL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNDRSXKZ202259
    Stock: 202259
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $21,128
    good price
    $1,084 below market
    • 53,153 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Russ Darrow Mazda of Greenfield (83 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Greenfield, WI / 83 miles away from Naperville, IL

    2019 Cadillac XT5 Luxury White 3.6L V6 DI VVT 8-Speed Automatic FWD BLUETOOTH(R) CONNECTION FOR MOBILE PHONE, POWER LIFTGATE, POWER SLIDING SUNROOF/MO...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNCRS6KZ287160
    Stock: MG25673A1
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-05-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $16,450
    fair price
    $169 below market
    • 93,239 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Rizza Buick GMC (21 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Tinley Park, IL / 21 miles away from Naperville, IL

    19/27 City/Highway MPGWe price all of our vehicles at or below fair market value making them some of the best values online. Why do we do this? To mak...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNARS9HZ272293
    Stock: 23778T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-28-2025

  • $17,495
    fair price
    $443 above market
    • 96,925 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Conway Imports (15 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Streamwood, IL / 15 miles away from Naperville, IL

    Visit Conway Imports to shop our great deals. You can call 630-830-3600 to schedule your test drive today.

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNDRS8HZ239450
    Stock: 11898
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

;
Showing 232 - 252 out of 417 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Cadillac XT5

Read recent reviews for the Cadillac XT5
Overall Consumer Rating
4.3 out of 5 stars50 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 50 reviews
  • 5 star
    (58%)
  • 4 star
    (26%)
  • 3 star
    (8%)
  • 2 star
    (4%)
  • 1 star
    (4%)
4 out of 5 stars

Found the perfect fit !

T.Rook, 06/22/2021
2021 Cadillac XT5 Premium Luxury 4dr SUV AWD (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 9A)
We test drive the Lincoln Aviator and found the engine auto off/ on very jerky and the shift controls in a very odd position. It steered bulky compared to the Cadillac xt5. The aviator did have a little more room in the cargo area , but the rear passenger space looks and felt like and after thought . The XT5 feels and handles like what you expect from Cadillac. The interior just blew … us away with its high end design. Controls are super friendly and the wireless connect from phone to car is fantastic! We love our XT5 luxury premium. And it comes at a a much less premium price than the aviator . When I factor in design, cost, city and highway handling as well as the high tech safety features such as blind spot , lane check and anti collision braking and warning . Lastly let’s not forget the “ teenage driver speed control” I personally rate the XT5 a very strong 9 out of 10 !
Report abuse

Used 2020 Cadillac XT5 in Naperville, IL Values

Estimated values
2020 Cadillac XT5 Premium Luxury 4dr SUV AWD (3.6L 6cyl 9A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$21,864$23,991$26,035
Clean$21,466$23,552$25,556
Average$20,803$22,820$24,757
Rough$19,941$21,869$23,719

The average list price of a used 2020 Cadillac XT5 in Naperville, Illinois is $28,652. The average mileage on a used Cadillac XT5 2020 for sale in Naperville, Illinois is 59,298. Based on the average mileage of 59,298 for used 2020 Cadillac XT5 for sale in Naperville, IL and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Cadillac XT5 2020 in Naperville, Illinois to be $20,803.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.