Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
898 listings
  • New Listing
    • 46,116 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Killeen Hyundai (263 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Killeen, TX / 263 miles away from Midland, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNAR49MZ154725
    Stock: MZ154725P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-02-2025

    • 98,612 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Boutique Texas (441 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Alvin, TX / 441 miles away from Midland, TX

    Carfax and Autocheck accident free.Auto Boutique is proud to offer excellent, pre-owned vehicles. With our no haggle pricing policy you can be sure yo...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNCRS9KZ221685
    Stock: T24828
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-24-2025

    • 41,602 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats
    • Driveway (22 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Odessa, TX / 22 miles away from Midland, TX

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Rare Find,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Whee...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNDRS4PZ130062
    Stock: PZ130062P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 50,084 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Garland Cadillac (316 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Garland, TX / 316 miles away from Midland, TX

    Certified.CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX.Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price!** Alloy Wheels / Premium Wheels, ** Apple CarPlay / Android Auto, ** Ba...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNAR48MZ234520
    Stock: MZ234520
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 03-19-2025

    • 65,654 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • AutoNation Ford Gulf Freeway (437 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 437 miles away from Midland, TX

    Panoramic RoofLeather SeatsNavigation SystemTire; Compact SpareLane Keeping AssistKeyless StartRear SpoilerCooled Front Seat(S)License Plate B...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNERS8KZ232219
    Stock: KZ232219
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-21-2025

    • 24,435 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Shottenkirk Kia Fort Bend (409 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Rosenberg, TX / 409 miles away from Midland, TX

    Clean CARFAX. Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price! Bluetooth, XT5 Premium Luxury, 4D Sport Utility, 2.0L Turbocharged, 9-Speed Automatic, FWD, Argent...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNCR43PZ113524
    Stock: S5384449A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-01-2025

    • 83,203 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Genesis of Round Rock (277 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Round Rock, TX / 277 miles away from Midland, TX

    Stellar Black Metallic 2019 Cadillac XT5 Platinum AWD 8-Speed Automatic 3.6L V6 DI VVT 14 Speakers, 155 Amp Alternator, 2-Way Power Driver Lumbar Cont...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNGRS1KZ160744
    Stock: GU160744
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-18-2025

    • 62,561 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Clear Lake Nissan (448 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in League City, TX / 448 miles away from Midland, TX

    Experience luxury and performance in this 2021 Cadillac XT5 Sport, finished in Stellar Black Metallic with a Kona Brown Sauvage Leather interior. This...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNGRS4MZ108513
    Stock: Z108513
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-29-2024

    • 31,948 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats
    • Sewell Cadillac (412 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 412 miles away from Midland, TX

    Heated Leather Seats, Moonroof, Power Liftgate, Panoramic Roof, Turbo Charged Engine, ENHANCED VISIBILITY AND TECHNOLOGY PA. TRANSMISSION, 9-SPEED AUT...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNCRSXMZ145963
    Stock: 5318661A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-03-2025

    • 39,720 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Perry Hyundai (432 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Nacogdoches, TX / 432 miles away from Midland, TX

    CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. Satin Steel Metallic 2021 Cadillac XT5 Premium Luxury FWD 9-Speed Automatic 3.6L V6 DI VVT **CARFAX 1 OWNER**, **NON S...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNCRS2MZ225645
    Stock: T4372
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-15-2025

    • 63,177 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats
    • RubyCar - Dallas (292 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Euless, TX / 292 miles away from Midland, TX

    Apple/Google Car Play, Backup Camera, Bluetooth, Buy with Confidence! AVIS CERTIFIED 170 Point Inspection!, Extra Clean!, Fully Detailed, LOW NO HAGGL...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNDRS9PZ131949
    Stock: 50505324
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-30-2025

    • 57,198 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats
    • Crest Cadillac (310 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Frisco, TX / 310 miles away from Midland, TX

    Certified. Cadillac Certified Pre-Owned Details:* Transferable Warranty* 172 Point Inspection* Vehicle History* Limited Warranty: 12 Month/Unlimited M...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNCRS0MZ213204
    Stock: 63901
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 03-11-2025

    • 30,598 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats
    • Crest Cadillac (310 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Frisco, TX / 310 miles away from Midland, TX

    Certified. Cadillac Certified Pre-Owned Details: * Vehicle History * Courtesy transportation & 24 hour Roadside Assistance for the life of the warrant...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNDRS8MZ161634
    Stock: 63946
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-25-2025

    • 32,789 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats
    • Garland Cadillac (316 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Garland, TX / 316 miles away from Midland, TX

    Odometer is 12541 miles below market average! Certified.CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX.Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price!** Alloy Wheels / Premium ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNCRS1MZ187390
    Stock: MZ187390
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 03-19-2025

  • $27,488
    good price
    $1,118 below market
    • 57,598 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Patriot Chevrolet (474 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Bartlesville, OK / 474 miles away from Midland, TX

    Save THOUSANDS. Patriot Chevrolet is open for business. We have the absolute BEST prices, BEST selection, and BEST service anywhere. We make buying yo...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNDRS6MZ114313
    Stock: PC6143
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-22-2025

  • New Listing
    • 68,714 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats
    • Covert Bee Cave (266 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Bee Cave, TX / 266 miles away from Midland, TX

    Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price! 2021 Cadillac XT5 4D Sport Utility 3.6L V6 DI VVT Satin Steel MetallicAWD, CLEAN CARFAX, LOCAL TRADE, NON SMOKER...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNDRS9MZ165370
    Stock: CA7131
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-10-2024

    • 54,091 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • Avis Car Sales Irving (302 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Irving, TX / 302 miles away from Midland, TX

    Certified. Alloy Wheels, Apple/Google Car Play, Backup Camera, Bluetooth, Buy with Confidence! AVIS CERTIFIED 170 Point Inspection!, Extra Clean!, Ful...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNDRS2PZ156109
    Stock: 50820943
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-23-2025

  • Price Drop
    $14,895
    good price
    $848 below market
    • 115,157 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Classic Chevrolet OKC (348 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Oklahoma City, OK / 348 miles away from Midland, TX

    Our unique 2019 Cadillac XT5 is proudly presented in beautiful Stellar Black Metallic as it will accommodate your needs while expressing your distinct...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNARS8KZ140889
    Stock: KZ140889
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-26-2025

    • 13,549 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Don McGill Toyota (412 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 412 miles away from Midland, TX

    Recent Arrival! CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. Certified. 19/26 City/Highway MPGStellar Black Metallic 2023 Cadillac XT5 Premium LuxuryCertificat...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNCRS3PZ101999
    Stock: 38138
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-20-2025

    • 108,385 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Driveline Motorcars (309 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Farmers Branch, TX / 309 miles away from Midland, TX

    Clean CARFAX.Radiant Silver Metallic 2019 Cadillac XT5 Premium Luxury FWD 8-Speed Automatic 3.6L V6 DI VVTPremium Luxury Package 1SE (155 Amp Alte...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNERS2KZ137025
    Stock: KZ137025
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-10-2024

    • 38,877 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats
    • Sewell Cadillac of San Antonio (268 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 268 miles away from Midland, TX

    Sewell Cadillac of San Antonio proudly offers this Certified Preowned 2021 Cadillac XT5 Front Wheel Drive. This well-equipped vehicle features the fol...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNCRS5MZ193404
    Stock: 5352740
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-25-2025

Showing 106 - 126 out of 898 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Cadillac XT5

Read recent reviews for the Cadillac XT5
Overall Consumer Rating
4.3 out of 5 stars38 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 38 reviews
  • 5 star
    (55%)
  • 4 star
    (29%)
  • 3 star
    (11%)
  • 2 star
    (5%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
4 out of 5 stars

Found the perfect fit !

T.Rook, 06/22/2021
2021 Cadillac XT5 Premium Luxury 4dr SUV AWD (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 9A)
We test drive the Lincoln Aviator and found the engine auto off/ on very jerky and the shift controls in a very odd position. It steered bulky compared to the Cadillac xt5. The aviator did have a little more room in the cargo area , but the rear passenger space looks and felt like and after thought . The XT5 feels and handles like what you expect from Cadillac. The interior just blew … us away with its high end design. Controls are super friendly and the wireless connect from phone to car is fantastic! We love our XT5 luxury premium. And it comes at a a much less premium price than the aviator . When I factor in design, cost, city and highway handling as well as the high tech safety features such as blind spot , lane check and anti collision braking and warning . Lastly let’s not forget the “ teenage driver speed control” I personally rate the XT5 a very strong 9 out of 10 !
Report abuse

Used 2021 Cadillac XT5 in Midland, TX Values

Estimated values
2021 Cadillac XT5 Luxury 4dr SUV (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 9A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$18,830$20,373$21,918
Clean$18,536$20,049$21,564
Average$18,046$19,510$20,975
Rough$17,408$18,809$20,209

The average list price of a used 2021 Cadillac XT5 in Midland, Texas is $26,361. The average mileage on a used Cadillac XT5 2021 for sale in Midland, Texas is 56,384. Based on the average mileage of 56,384 for used 2021 Cadillac XT5 for sale in Midland, TX and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Cadillac XT5 2021 in Midland, Texas to be $18,046.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.