Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
301 listings
    • 16,520 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6'7” bed, 5.6l, 8cyl
    • Downtown Nashville Nissan (169 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Nashville, TN / 169 miles away from Tupelo, MS

    CERTIFIED BY CARFAX- NO ACCIDENTS AND ONE OWNER, 4x4 - NEVER WORRY ABOUT THE WEATHER, NAVIGATION, BLUETOOTH HANDS-FREE CALLING, REAR VIEW BACK-UP CAME...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N6AA1FB5LN504807
    Stock: P504807S
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-18-2025

    • 93,019 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6'7” bed, 5.6l, 8cyl
    • CRM Motors (127 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Pelham, AL / 127 miles away from Tupelo, MS

    Buckle up and get ready for a wild ride with this sleek 2020 Nissan Titan XD! This powerful black beauty is not just any ordinary truck - it's a force...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N6AA1FB2LN502559
    Stock: 502559
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $40,500
    great price
    $2,056 below market
    • 38,032 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 6'7” bed, 5.6l, 8cyl
    • Steve White Dodge Chrysler Jeep Ram FIAT (431 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Hickory, NC / 431 miles away from Tupelo, MS

    This is a 2021 Nissan Titan XD Platinum Reserve Crew Cab 4WD. It is equipped with a 5.6L Endurance V8 Engine, 9-Speed Automatic Transmission, Shift-On...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N6AA1FB8MN528682
    Stock: S18294A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-13-2025

  • $42,990
    fair price
    $379 above market
    • 31,762 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6'7” bed, 5.6l, 8cyl
    • Coughlin Automotive Group (484 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in London, OH / 484 miles away from Tupelo, MS

    NA.

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N6AA1FBXMN522690
    Stock: G25452A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-18-2025

    • 27,840 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 6'7” bed, 5.6l, 8cyl
    • CarMax Texas Stadium (Irving) (483 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Irving, TX / 483 miles away from Tupelo, MS

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N6AA1FB4MN518814
    Stock: 27646016
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 35,375 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6'7” bed, 5l, 8cyl
    • Unlimited Motors Fishers (416 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Fishers, IN / 416 miles away from Tupelo, MS

    Navigation, Bluetooth, Back Up Camera, Towing, Touch Screen, 3.916 Axle Ratio, 4-Wheel Disc Brakes, 6 Speaker System, 6 Speakers, ABS brakes, Air Cond...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N6BA1F41KN507000
    Stock: STK507000
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-16-2025

    • 55,670 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 6'7” bed, 5.6l, 8cyl
    • Hubler Honda (378 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Taylorsville, IN / 378 miles away from Tupelo, MS

    LOCATED AT HUBLER HONDA IN TAYLORSVILLE, Magnetic Black Metallic exterior and Black interior. Heated Seats, NAV, Smart Device Integration, CD Player, ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N6AA1F48KN517258
    Stock: P2898
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-28-2025

  • New Listing
    • 43,663 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 6'7” bed, 5l, 8cyl
    • CarMax Norcross (259 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Norcross, GA / 259 miles away from Tupelo, MS

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N6BA1F46KN532667
    Stock: 26805361
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 71,230 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 6'7” bed, 5.6l, 8cyl
    • CarMax Norcross (259 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Norcross, GA / 259 miles away from Tupelo, MS

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N6AA1FB0MN507048
    Stock: 27331510
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 56,915 miles
    • No accidents, 5 owners, personal use
    • 6'7” bed, 5l, 8cyl
    • Carvana - Dallas (477 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 477 miles away from Tupelo, MS

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N6BA1F33KN526462
    Stock: 2003086033
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-22-2024

  • New Listing
    Photos not available
    • 96,277 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6'7” bed, 5l, 8cyl
    • Heritage GMC Buick (457 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Rockwall, TX / 457 miles away from Tupelo, MS

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N6BA1F40KN513239
    Stock: 325965A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-26-2025

    • 103,887 miles
    • Lemon reported, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6'7” bed, 5l, 8cyl
    • Atlanta Best Used Cars (258 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Norcross, GA / 258 miles away from Tupelo, MS

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: Yes

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N6BA1F41KN506669
    Stock: KN506669-376
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 73,926 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6'7” bed, 5l, 8cyl
    • Motorvation (248 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 248 miles away from Tupelo, MS

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N6BA1F49KN529617
    Stock: 1423
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $19,900
    great price
    $3,650 below market
    • 140,685 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 6'7” bed, 5l, 8cyl
    • Paniagua Auto Mall (216 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Dalton, GA / 216 miles away from Tupelo, MS

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N6BA1F43JN523603
    Stock: 12669
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 97,766 miles
    • Lemon reported, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6'7” bed, 5.6l, 8cyl
    • Atlanta Best Used Cars (258 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Norcross, GA / 258 miles away from Tupelo, MS

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: Yes

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N6AA1FAXMN502477
    Stock: MN502477-1181
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $30,900
    fair price
    $596 below market
    • 42,547 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6'7” bed, 5l, 8cyl
    • Ed Martin Nissan (406 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 406 miles away from Tupelo, MS

    NOT A RENTAL UNIT!, NISSAN CERTIFIED VEHICLE!, GREAT VEHICLE HISTORY!, FULLY SERVICED AND READY TO GO!, BLUETOOTH!, USB PORT!, REARVIEW CAMERA!, HEATE...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N6BA1F39JN527646
    Stock: 1P1746A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-13-2025

  • $22,900
    good price
    $2,765 below market
    • 104,571 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6'7” bed, 5.6l, 8cyl
    • Campbell Brothers Auto (409 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Rushville, IN / 409 miles away from Tupelo, MS

    2020 Nissan Titan XD SV 5.6L, 4x4, Crew Cab, Power Windows & Locks, Camper Shell, Clean Carfax, 104,571 Miles, Asking $22,900

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N6AA1FB0LN508392
    Stock: 24T563
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-26-2024

  • Stock photo**
    $22,900
    fair price
    $1,199 below market
    • 134,174 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 6'7” bed, 5l, 8cyl
    • Lowery Brothers Motors (145 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Boaz, AL / 145 miles away from Tupelo, MS

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N6BA1F48JN525539
    Stock: 525539-T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-17-2025

    • 95,913 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 6'7” bed, 5.6l, 8cyl
    • Waxahachie Dodge Chrysler Jeep Ram (489 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Waxahachie, TX / 489 miles away from Tupelo, MS

    Gun Metallic 2018 Nissan Titan XD SL 5.6L V8 4WD 7-Speed Automatic2 Years Free Oil Changes. Recent Arrival!

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N6AA1F42JN527251
    Stock: FC58436A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-22-2025

  • $34,818
    fair price
    $3,115 above market
    • 17,556 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6'7” bed, 5.6l, 8cyl
    • George Nunnally Chevrolet (341 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Bentonville, AR / 341 miles away from Tupelo, MS

    Super Black 2020 Nissan Titan XD SV 4WD 9-Speed Automatic 5.6L V8 DOHC 32V LEV3-ULEV70 400hp Clean Carfax, One Owner, Titan XD SV, 4D Crew Cab, 5.6L V...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N6AA1FB4LN508105
    Stock: T5479A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-11-2025

  • New Listing
    $21,000
    good price
    $666 below market
    • 117,413 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 6'7” bed, 5.6l, 8cyl
    • Nissan of Cool Springs (157 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Franklin, TN / 157 miles away from Tupelo, MS

    We are thrilled to offer this 2018 Nissan Titan XD SV in Magnetic Black with Black Cloth Seat Trim. For more details on this Titan XD, call 615-790-25...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N6AA1F46JN518570
    Stock: RP6680A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-25-2025

Showing 1 - 21 out of 301 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Nissan Titan XD

Read recent reviews for the Nissan Titan XD
Overall Consumer Rating
4.4 out of 5 stars30 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 30 reviews
  • 5 star
    (60%)
  • 4 star
    (30%)
  • 3 star
    (0%)
  • 2 star
    (7%)
  • 1 star
    (3%)
5 out of 5 stars

John's 2018 Titan Platinum Reserve 4x4 Turbo-diese

John, 01/15/2019
2018 Nissan Titan XD Platinum Reserve 4dr Crew Cab 4WD SB (5.0L 8cyl Turbodiesel 6A)
I really like the truck. I wanted a half ton truck that could pull a heavy load. I reviewed Ram 1500 diesel, Ford F-150 diesel, Colorado diesel, Canyon diesel and Gmc 1500 and Chevrolet 1500 5.3 gas and 6.2 gas. i also wanted a truck that had all the amenities, and one that was easy to get in and out of. l looked at all the above truck towing capabilities, and this truck was the best, at … approximately 12,300 #'s. it has all the options on it, platinum reserve, 4x4, rear step, cargo boxes inside the bed, utility track system in bed, halogen driving lights up front, and it also has the factory DVD players in back of headrest of driver and passenger seats. the truck has a 3.91 rear end and I was concerned about the mileage, when not towing. I do not drive fast, about 62MPH. At that rate of speed on a straight away I am getting between 21.4 and 24 mpg. when I pushed the truck to 70mph, my mileage dropped to 19.2 to 21.4. I am adding a K&N 100,000 mile air filter that will not void the factory warranty and I am adding a Undercover Flex Trifold tonneau cover to the truck. very pleased with the truck, has great storage in bed, comes with gooseneck ball and safety chain connectors. it also has great storage inside the cab, and under the rear seats with fold out racks for additional storage and lockable under seat rear storage. Birdseye navigation system, front and rear and side. The only thing I think Nissan could make an improvement on the placement of seat belts, They are a little hard to get too. other than that the truck is perfect.
Report abuse

Used 2020 Nissan Titan XD in Tupelo, MS Values

Estimated values
2020 Nissan Titan XD SL 4dr Crew Cab 4WD SB (5.6L 8cyl 9A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$28,953$31,669$34,289
Clean$28,340$30,979$33,522
Average$27,317$29,830$32,244
Rough$25,988$28,336$30,583

The average list price of a used 2020 Nissan Titan XD in Tupelo, Mississippi is $31,766. The average mileage on a used Nissan Titan XD 2020 for sale in Tupelo, Mississippi is 71,178. Based on the average mileage of 71,178 for used 2020 Nissan Titan XD for sale in Tupelo, MS and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Nissan Titan XD 2020 in Tupelo, Mississippi to be $27,317.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Truck Details

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.