Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
132 listings
  • New Listing
    $18,998
    fair price
    $378 above market
    • 123,476 miles
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TN to NC*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Knoxville, TN / 222 miles away from Winston Salem, NC

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBARBZ8H2101371
    Stock: 26600465
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $19,998
    fair price
    $87 above market
    • 91,539 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from OH to NC*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Warrensville Heights, OH / 377 miles away from Winston Salem, NC

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBARBZ2F2030472
    Stock: 27422634
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $18,998
    fair price
    $999 below market
    • 105,958 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from AZ to NC*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Tucson, AZ / 1,772 miles away from Winston Salem, NC

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJYARBZ6H2063701
    Stock: 26639971
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $20,998
    fair price
    $437 above market
    • 104,359 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from GA to NC*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Stockbridge, GA / 290 miles away from Winston Salem, NC

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJYARBZ8H2056541
    Stock: 27395125
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $20,998
    fair price
    $503 below market
    • 110,773 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from OK to NC*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Tulsa, OK / 876 miles away from Winston Salem, NC

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBARBZ3H2139526
    Stock: 26831292
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $25,990
    fair price
    $637 above market
    • 48,682 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 576 miles away from Winston Salem, NC

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBARBZ2H2145043
    Stock: 2003645974
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-14-2025

  • New Listing
    • 76,252 miles
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to NC*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Austin, TX / 1,092 miles away from Winston Salem, NC

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJYARBZ0H2057697
    Stock: 27294942
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $22,998
    good price
    $1,999 below market
    • 56,978 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from OR to NC*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Salem, OR / 2,302 miles away from Winston Salem, NC

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJYARBZ5H2080893
    Stock: 26501752
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $20,998
    good price
    $1,567 below market
    • 69,132 miles
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from FL to NC*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Jensen Beach, FL / 609 miles away from Winston Salem, NC

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJYARBZ2H2064988
    Stock: 27309686
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $21,998
    fair price
    $625 above market
    • 80,570 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to NC*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Pleasanton, CA / 2,287 miles away from Winston Salem, NC

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBARBZ9F2030548
    Stock: 27335001
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 71,690 miles
    • Frame damage reported, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Affordable Motors (2 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Winston-Salem, NC / 2 miles away from Winston Salem, NC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: Yes

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBARBZ4H2142824
    Stock: 10413
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-29-2025

  • $26,998
    fair price
    $251 above market
    • 34,736 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MD to NC*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Frederick, MD / 275 miles away from Winston Salem, NC

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBARBZ8H2108501
    Stock: 27517611
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $23,590
    fair price
    $475 below market
    • 68,834 miles
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 288 miles away from Winston Salem, NC

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJYARBZXH2069145
    Stock: 2003806546
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-27-2025

  • New Listing
    • 78,841 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to NC*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Fort Worth, TX / 993 miles away from Winston Salem, NC

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJYARBZXH2061367
    Stock: 26623654
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $23,998
    fair price
    $118 above market
    • 82,848 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MS to NC*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Saltillo, MS / 496 miles away from Winston Salem, NC

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBARBZ4H2121312
    Stock: 26163610
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $25,998
    fair price
    $357 above market
    • 43,232 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to NC*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Roseville, CA / 2,243 miles away from Winston Salem, NC

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBARBZ6H2119772
    Stock: 27420337
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $24,990
    fair price
    $822 above market
    • 51,851 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 288 miles away from Winston Salem, NC

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJYARBZ3H2078026
    Stock: 2003815566
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-12-2025

  • New Listing
    $23,998
    fair price
    $877 above market
    • 70,261 miles
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to NC*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Fremont, CA / 2,295 miles away from Winston Salem, NC

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJYARBZ3H2057192
    Stock: 27296891
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $27,990
    fair price
    $281 below market
    • 38,211 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Los Angeles, CA / 2,145 miles away from Winston Salem, NC

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBARBZ0H2118245
    Stock: 2003721781
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-17-2025

  • New Listing
    $17,998
    fair price
    $243 above market
    • 121,192 miles
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from DE to NC*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Newark, DE / 349 miles away from Winston Salem, NC

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBARBZ8F2010646
    Stock: 27301604
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $21,998
    good price
    $1,412 below market
    • 66,408 miles
    • 2 accidents, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NY to NC*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in East Meadow, NY / 482 miles away from Winston Salem, NC

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBARBZ0H2102403
    Stock: 26882427
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 85 - 105 out of 132 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Lexus NX 200t

Read recent reviews for the Lexus NX 200t
Overall Consumer Rating
4.5 out of 5 stars53 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 53 reviews
  • 5 star
    (62%)
  • 4 star
    (30%)
  • 3 star
    (4%)
  • 2 star
    (2%)
  • 1 star
    (2%)
5 out of 5 stars

Great tweener SUV

Happy with NX, 05/30/2016
2016 Lexus NX 200t 4dr SUV AWD (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 6A)
Was looking for an SUV bigger than an Audi Q3 or Mercedes GLA but not too big. Was looking at an Audi Q5, but since a new model is coming out soon, wanted to find a more current model. Happened to look at this Lexus. I'm a boomer and haven't been too keen on the nose of the most current Lexus models, but on the NX, it's not too big and in black or grey it's not so in your face. We … decided to take it for a test drive and we were so impressed by the comfort and ride. Acceleration is good. Not the best in the segment, but good enough for getting on and off of highways and passing. Unless you have a need to race, this turbo 4 is more than adequate. The car ride is solid, like a bigger SUV but handling is good like a smaller SUV. I like that the steering is not overpowered and there is some road feel to it. The front seat is amazing. It's like getting a hug every time you get inside. Lexus makes getting in and out easy by automatically moving the seat back and steering wheel up when you exit the car and returning them to position when you buckle your belt or start the car. Rear seat legroom is excellent. Some complain about the AC controls being up high, but I find this position makes it easy to locate the buttons by not having to look down on the console. The touch pad gets a lot of complaints, but really, once you get things set up, you don't need it a whole lot. I use voice commands for navigation and phone calls. Radio presets make it easy to use the up and down buttons on the steering wheel to change channels. Storage is a bit on the smaller side with the rear seats up due to the angle of the rear hatch door. I actually like this because it makes it easier to open the rear hatch in a smaller garage space. I bought my high school daughter an old ML320 which has an upright hatch. Her SUV is 10 inches shorter, but she cannot open her hatch with the garage door shut because it swings out so far. In fact, I traded spaces with her so that we can both open out hatches with the garage door shut. All said, I'm really happy the the NX. It's exactly what I wanted - an SUV that rides more like a car than a truck, has decent acceleration, fits in my garage.
Report abuse

Used 2017 Lexus NX 200t in Winston Salem, NC Values

Estimated values
2017 Lexus NX 200t 4dr SUV AWD (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 6A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$16,813$20,221$22,830
Clean$16,343$19,629$22,132
Average$15,559$18,642$20,968
Rough$14,540$17,359$19,455

The average list price of a used 2017 Lexus NX 200t in Winston Salem, North Carolina is $22,444. The average mileage on a used Lexus NX 200t 2017 for sale in Winston Salem, North Carolina is 75,992. Based on the average mileage of 75,992 for used 2017 Lexus NX 200t for sale in Winston Salem, NC and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Lexus NX 200t 2017 in Winston Salem, North Carolina to be $15,559.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.