Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
35 listings
  • New Listing
    • 71,915 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Starling Honda (370 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Titusville, FL / 370 miles away from Columbus, GA

    Phantom Gray Metallic 2016 Cadillac Clean CARFAX. ATS 3.6L Luxury 3.6L V6 SIDI DOHC VVT CLEAN CARFAX, APPLE CAR PLAY / ANDROID, Alloy Wheels, Backup C...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G6AH1RS2G0175449
    Stock: 175449T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-06-2025

    • 52,834 miles
    • 3 accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Dream Work Automotive (304 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 304 miles away from Columbus, GA

    110V Power Receptacle, 18" x 8" Painted Alloy Wheels, 2.85 Rear Axle Ratio, 4-Wheel Disc Antilock Brembo Fr Performance Brakes, 4-Wheel Disc Brakes, 9...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G6AB1RX9G0189801
    Stock: G0189801
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-28-2025

  • New Listing
    $19,998
    fair price
    $88 above market
    • 63,625 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax Baton Rouge (387 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Baton Rouge, LA / 387 miles away from Columbus, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G6AB1RX7F0117588
    Stock: 26564708
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 48,847 miles
    • No accidents, 5 owners, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • EchoPark Automotive Nashville (271 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Nashville, TN / 271 miles away from Columbus, GA

    At EchoPark, it’s all about offering you options for a happy experience. We have thousands of new-to-you makes and models that range from sedans to tr...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (18 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G6AC1R35F0109418
    Stock: YF0109418
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-07-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 108,524 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Jeff Wyler Eastgate Auto Mall (454 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Batavia, OH / 454 miles away from Columbus, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G6AG1RX9F0121448
    Stock: 1187917B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-08-2025

  • New Listing
    • 76,554 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Carvana - Birmingham (124 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Birmingham, AL / 124 miles away from Columbus, GA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (20 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G6AD1RS4H0133488
    Stock: 2003695659
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-02-2025

  • New Listing
    • 52,390 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax Lexington (377 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Lexington, KY / 377 miles away from Columbus, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G6AG1RX2F0116298
    Stock: 26978574
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 44,985 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax Warner Robins (77 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Warner Robins, GA / 77 miles away from Columbus, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G6AB1RX2H0176342
    Stock: 26770325
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 72,226 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • AutoNation Cadillac West Palm Beach (498 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in West Palm Beach, FL / 498 miles away from Columbus, GA

    The following items have been reconditioned on this vehicle: new pair of tires and new battery! Cadillac Cue And NavigationWheels; 18" X 8" (45.7 ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G6AC1RX6F0123220
    Stock: F0123220
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-05-2025

    • 60,646 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Dyer Chevrolet Fort Pierce (454 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Fort Pierce, FL / 454 miles away from Columbus, GA

    2018 Cadillac ATS 2.0L Turbo Luxury Satin Steel Metallic 2.0L Turbo I4 DI DOHC VVT AWD 8-Speed Automatic ATS 2.0L Turbo Luxury, 2D Coupe, 2.0L Turbo I...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G6AF1RXXJ0153210
    Stock: 3CL24041A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-29-2025

  • New Listing
    • 16,876 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • McElveen Buick GMC (284 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Summerville, SC / 284 miles away from Columbus, GA

    Black Raven 2016 Cadillac ATS 2.0L Turbo RWD 8-Speed Automatic 2.0L Turbo I4 DI DOHC VVT 18" x 8" Painted Alloy Wheels, 2.85 Rear Axle Ratio, 4-Wheel ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G6AA1RX7G0153804
    Stock: M9311
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-28-2025

  • New Listing
    • 90,173 miles
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Ramsey, NJ / 840 miles away from Columbus, GA

    High Demand,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless Start,Leather Seats,Premium Sound,Remote Start,Satellite...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G6AH1RXXG0116144
    Stock: L17048T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 80,093 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Ray Smith Chevrolet Buick (300 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Camden, TN / 300 miles away from Columbus, GA

    *Clean*, *Family Friendly*, *Power Liftgate*, *Power Driver Seat*, 9 Speakers, AM/FM radio: SiriusXM, Brake assist, Forward Collision Alert, Front Buc...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G6AB1RX9G0184887
    Stock: P2396A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-15-2025

    • 69,865 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Allen Auto Sales (374 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Paducah, KY / 374 miles away from Columbus, GA

    This 2016 Cadillac ATS Coupe 2dr 2dr Coupe 3.6L Performance Collection RWD features a 3.6L V6 Cylinder 6cyl Gasoline engine. It is equipped with a Aut...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (20 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G6AD1RS9G0180725
    Stock: 180725
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-20-2023

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $18,718
    fair price
    $589 above market
    • 50,401 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • BMW of Sarasota (396 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Sarasota, FL / 396 miles away from Columbus, GA

    CARFAX One-Owner. Local Trade, ***SUPER LOW MILES***, ***All-Weather Mat Protection Package (LPO)***, ***Cold Weather Package***, ***Luxury Equipment ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G6AH1RX8G0156576
    Stock: CU57448B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-03-2025

    • 33,684 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Black Buick GMC (325 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Statesville, NC / 325 miles away from Columbus, GA

    This Crystal White Tricoat 2016 Cadillac ATS Coupe Luxury Collection RWD would be a welcomed addition to your family/business. Luxury Equipment Group ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G6AB1RX4G0138190
    Stock: 138190
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-05-2025

  • Price Drop
    $10,395
    great price
    $2,985 below market
    • 99,687 miles
    • No accidents, 5 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • GW Trucks (255 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, FL / 255 miles away from Columbus, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G6AG1RX2F0121064
    Stock: 10993
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 78,129 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Cars R Us (98 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Stone Mountain, GA / 98 miles away from Columbus, GA

    Offering Easy Financing Options. NO Credit check and NO proof of income required with our In-House financing. Bank financing is also available with ap...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G6AA1RX8G0153813
    Stock: 153813
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-07-2025

  • $20,711
    fair price
    $20 below market
    • 60,543 miles
    • No accidents, 6 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarZone (95 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Conyers, GA / 95 miles away from Columbus, GA

    Vehicle Overview Red Obsession Tintcoat 2015 Cadillac ATS 2.0L Turbo Luxury RWD 6-Speed Automatic 2.0L Turbo I4 DI DOHC VVT 110V Power Receptacle, 3.2...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G6AB1RX9F0139155
    Stock: F0139155
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-09-2025

  • Photos not available
    $14,990
    fair price
    $1,439 above market
    • 100,869 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Avery Auto Sales, Inc (87 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Oxford, AL / 87 miles away from Columbus, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G6AH1RX3F0141823
    Stock: 24380
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-26-2024

  • $14,995
    fair price
    $1,086 above market
    • 66,977 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • First Quality Auto (380 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Greensboro, NC / 380 miles away from Columbus, GA

    CARFAX Top-Rated Dealer4.7 / 5.0113 Verified Reviews25Customer FavoritesCARFAX logoThis report provided free of charge by:First Quality Auto706 Edward...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G6AH1RX6F0114311
    Stock: A9037
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-17-2025

Showing 1 - 21 out of 35 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Cadillac ATS Coupe

Read recent reviews for the Cadillac ATS Coupe
Overall Consumer Rating
4.3 out of 5 stars12 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 12 reviews
  • 5 star
    (33%)
  • 4 star
    (67%)
  • 3 star
    (0%)
  • 2 star
    (0%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
4 out of 5 stars

eye catching look, no more granpa cadillac

Ponco, 11/16/2017
2016 Cadillac ATS Coupe Luxury 2dr Coupe AWD (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 8A)
I've own a coupe since the day I first purchased my vehicle. Cadillac ATS coupe is a real upgrade for me from my beloved Honda Accord Coupe that has been discontinued from 2018 model. The overall look is just great and I got so much compliment from my neighbors. There some pros I'd like to state; a) there are not many around and I rarely see the same model that I drive (see sedans but … not coupe), b) distinctive styling and ground crawling design, c) high quality material inside, d) CUE is not as bad as the critics have reviewed, e) great power from 2.0T engine, f) smooth 8AT shifting. I must also mention some cons and they are; a) front seats do not recline fully, b) lane departure warning, blind spot warning, front collision alerts do not come with Lux model unless it is chosen. My 2013 Honda Accord came with all of them as standard features, e) gas mileage is poor. average is around 22, max. 33. my 3.5L V6 accord coupe recorded max 36 highway, 27-28 normal, f) poor traction on OEM Continental run flat tires. Got snowy day recently and the grip was poor. I expected better and now am worried about coming snow season, g) it would be nice if the interior noise was suppressed since this is a luxury brand coupe. Overall I am very happy with this vehicle. It's exciting to drive.
Report abuse

Used 2016 Cadillac ATS Coupe in Columbus, GA Values

Estimated values
2016 Cadillac ATS Coupe Luxury 2dr Coupe AWD (3.6L 6cyl 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$12,733$15,394$17,282
Clean$12,280$14,820$16,611
Average$11,525$13,865$15,491
Rough$10,543$12,624$14,036

The average list price of a used 2016 Cadillac ATS Coupe in Columbus, Georgia is $17,455. The average mileage on a used Cadillac ATS Coupe 2016 for sale in Columbus, Georgia is 66,659. Based on the average mileage of 66,659 for used 2016 Cadillac ATS Coupe for sale in Columbus, GA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Cadillac ATS Coupe 2016 in Columbus, Georgia to be $11,525.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.