Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
24 listings
  • New Listing
    $6,995
    good price
    $2,033 below market
    • 73,200 miles
    • 3 accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Valley VIP Sales (371 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Spokane Valley, WA / 371 miles away from Eugene, OR

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AS5MV4EW202401
    Stock: 7592
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-02-2025

  • New Listing
    $8,799
    fair price
    $718 below market
    • 84,622 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • EchoPark Automotive Sacramento (380 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Roseville, CA / 380 miles away from Eugene, OR

    At EchoPark, it’s all about offering you options for a happy experience. We have thousands of new-to-you makes and models that range from sedans to tr...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AS5MT4EW625347
    Stock: CEW625347
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-18-2025

    • 117,681 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • GB Auto (107 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Portland, OR / 107 miles away from Eugene, OR

    ?? 2014 NISSAN ROGUE SELECT S - Fully Serviced | Reliable | Comfortable SUVVIN: JN8AS5MT8EW602654Engine: 2.5L I4 DOHC 16V | Fuel: Gasoline | Drivetrai...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AS5MT8EW602654
    Stock: 602654
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Appraise
    my car

    Get the Edmunds appraisal report and a no-obligation offer for your car

    See my car’s value
  • New Listing
    $8,999
    fair price
    $635 below market
    • 89,653 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • EchoPark Automotive Sacramento (380 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Upgraded Stereo
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Roseville, CA / 380 miles away from Eugene, OR

    At EchoPark, it’s all about offering you options for a happy experience. We have thousands of new-to-you makes and models that range from sedans to tr...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AS5MT3FW666408
    Stock: CFW666408
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-15-2025

  • New Listing
    $5,995
    good price
    $882 below market
    • 137,800 miles
    • 1 accident, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Valley VIP Sales (371 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Spokane Valley, WA / 371 miles away from Eugene, OR

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AS5MV5FW759710
    Stock: 7354
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-25-2025

  • $8,995
    fair price
    $844 above market
    • 111,036 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Vacaville Volkswagen (398 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Vacaville, CA / 398 miles away from Eugene, OR

    Featuring Power Windows, and Traction Control. Check out this 2015 Nissan Rogue. Come on down to Vacaville Honda and take this vehicle for a spin, thi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AS5MT8FW659230
    Stock: 55898BZ
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-03-2025

  • New Listing
    • 80,591 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Portland (101 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Portland, OR / 101 miles away from Eugene, OR

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AS5MT8FW154322
    Stock: 2002886691
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-22-2025

  • New Listing
    $5,995
    good price
    $1,931 below market
    • 103,713 miles
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Persian Motors (100 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Cornelius, OR / 100 miles away from Eugene, OR

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AS5MV1EW712026
    Stock: 8186
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $6,500
    good price
    $2,131 below market
    • 98,502 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Manic Motors Tracy (445 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Tracy, CA / 445 miles away from Eugene, OR

    DISCLAIMER:!! ATTENTION !! MESSAGE FROM THE OWNER OF MANIC MOTORS !! I MAKE SURE NOT TO HIRE JACK ASS SALES STAFF; IF FOR SOME REASON YOU FEEL LIKE YO...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AS5MT7EW616254
    Stock: 616254P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $7,495
    good price
    $1,244 below market
    • 94,632 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Boise Auto Sales (342 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Boise, ID / 342 miles away from Eugene, OR

    Rest assured, once you take this Rogue Select home you will know you've made a solid investment. Want a SPORT UTILITY 4-DR with low miles? This Rogue ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AS5MT4EW620164
    Stock: 20164
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-13-2025

    • 86,596 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Black Diamond Auto Sales (389 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Rancho Cordova, CA / 389 miles away from Eugene, OR

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AS5MT4FW666613
    Stock: 666613
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $7,995
    fair price
    $605 below market
    • 98,970 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Haven (228 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Auburn, WA / 228 miles away from Eugene, OR

    2014 Nissan Rogue Select S with 98k miles 2 Previous Owners, No Accident Front Wheel Drive Runs and Drives Great Automatic Transmission Tinted Windows...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AS5MT5EW602014
    Stock: 501
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-29-2025

  • $6,823
    fair price
    $31 below market
    • 125,000 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Eagle Valley Motors (361 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Reno, NV / 361 miles away from Eugene, OR

    Imagine a lifestyle that's as crisp and fresh as a Pearl White Nissan Rogue Select S Sport Utility 4D, where every drive brings a slice of adventure w...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AS5MT4EW611139
    Stock: 15643
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-17-2025

  • $5,900
    great price
    $3,088 below market
    • 103,762 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Pell's Auto Sales (394 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Upgraded Stereo
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Santa Rosa, CA / 394 miles away from Eugene, OR

    RUNS GREAT REAR VIEW CAMERA GAS SAVER 4 CYLINDER ENGINE FULLY SERVICED WITH OEM PARTS CLEAN TITLE PASSED SMOGG 2026 REGISTRATION Read More

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AS5MT8FW152649
    Stock: 152649
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-14-2025

    • 131,579 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Elya Carz (445 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Hayward, CA / 445 miles away from Eugene, OR

    CLEAN TITLE PASS SMOG RUNS AND DRIVES EXCELLENT DEEP TIRES NO ISSUES EXCELLENT CONDITION CALL/TEXT 4**-5**-5*** OR 3**-2**-1*** Read More

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AS5MV8EW712203
    Stock: 712203
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-21-2025

  • Price Drop
    $6,817
    good price
    $2,037 below market
    • 107,404 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Tonkin Hillsboro Chevrolet (99 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Hillsboro, OR / 99 miles away from Eugene, OR

    2015 Nissan Rogue Select S FWD 2.5L I4 DOHC 16V CVT with Xtronic16 Wheels w/Full Covers, 4 Speakers, 4-Wheel Disc Brakes, 5.798 Axle Ratio, ABS brakes...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AS5MT3FW667252
    Stock: G11307
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-30-2025

  • $7,498
    fair price
    $1,033 below market
    • 114,928 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Ruby Motors (98 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Happy Valley, OR / 98 miles away from Eugene, OR

    Fully inspected and all maintenance is up to date. Se Habla Espanol! To check out the Carfax, see more pics or apply for credit visit www.rubymotorspd...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AS5MT4FW651917
    Stock: T268
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-01-2025

  • $9,999
    fair price
    $224 below market
    • 75,163 miles
    • 1 accident, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Seven Auto Sales (270 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Wenatchee, WA / 270 miles away from Eugene, OR

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AS5MV3FW251722
    Stock: 856
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-11-2024

  • Price Drop
    • 139,681 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Upgraded Stereo
    Close

    Located in Madison, WI / 1,682 miles away from Eugene, OR

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Back-Up Camera,Brake Assist,Satellite Radio,Steel Wheels,Power Door Locks,Satellite Radio,Brake Assist,Gasoline Fuel,CD P...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AS5MV7FW751432
    Stock: FW751432A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 82,221 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Urbandale, IA / 1,488 miles away from Eugene, OR

    Brake Assist,Steel Wheels,Power Door Locks,Brake Assist,Gasoline Fuel,CD Player,ABS,Cloth Seats,CVT Transmission,Rear Defrost,Pass-Through Rear Seat,A...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AS5MVXFW755197
    Stock: FW755197SV
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 96,851 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Jennifer's Auto Sales & Service (375 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Spokane, WA / 375 miles away from Eugene, OR

    Introducing the 2015 Nissan Rogue Select S, the perfect combination of style, performance, and reliability. This spacious SUV is equipped with a power...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AS5MV3FW753260
    Stock: 17632
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-05-2025

Showing 1 - 21 out of 24 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Nissan Rogue Select

Read recent reviews for the Nissan Rogue Select
Overall Consumer Rating
2.6 out of 5 stars7 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 7 reviews
  • 5 star
    (0%)
  • 4 star
    (29%)
  • 3 star
    (29%)
  • 2 star
    (14%)
  • 1 star
    (29%)
1 out of 5 stars

Do Your Research!

P.R., 12/14/2020
2014 Nissan Rogue Select S 4dr SUV (2.5L 4cyl CVT)
I purchased this car used with 89k miles or so on it. At 109k my CVT transmission blew. The dealer nor Nissan would cover the $4500 expense since it was not under warranty. I had only driven my car 27k or so before I had to replace the transmission. I do not recommend this car to anybody. Unfortunately Nissan has not been responsive at all to letters or emails explaining my … frustration with this. Had I done research prior to purchase I would have seen that this is a very common issue and many people are in the same boat. Please... please do your research before purchasing any car. If I could I would have put zero stars.
Report abuse

Used 2014 Nissan Rogue Select in Eugene, OR Values

Estimated values
2014 Nissan Rogue Select S 4dr SUV AWD (2.5L 4cyl CVT) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$3,637$6,223$7,821
Clean$3,438$5,854$7,322
Average$3,106$5,239$6,491
Rough$2,675$4,439$5,411

The average list price of a used 2014 Nissan Rogue Select in Eugene, Oregon is $8,265. The average mileage on a used Nissan Rogue Select 2014 for sale in Eugene, Oregon is 102,552. Based on the average mileage of 102,552 for used 2014 Nissan Rogue Select for sale in Eugene, OR and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Nissan Rogue Select 2014 in Eugene, Oregon to be $3,106.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.