Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
1,809 listings
  • Price Drop
    $11,819
    great price
    $3,381 below market
    • 119,951 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 28 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Auto House (25 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 25 miles away from Apache Junction, AZ

    ***ONE OWNER CARFAX*** 2022 Nissan Altima 2.5 S Glacier White FWD CVT with Xtronic 2.5L 4-Cylinder DOHC 16V CVT with Xtronic, 4-Wheel Disc Brakes, Air...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (28 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4BL4BV8NN341985
    Stock: AH341985
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-05-2025

  • Price Drop
    $19,999
    great price
    $3,687 below market
    • 30,265 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 27 City / 37 Hwy MPG
    • Auto House (25 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 25 miles away from Apache Junction, AZ

    ***CLEAN ONE OWNER CARFAX, SR PREMIUM PKG, MOONROOF, HEATED FRONT SEATS WIRELESS PHONE CHARGING PAD*** 2024 Nissan Altima 2.5 SR Pearl White Tricoat F...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (27 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4BL4CV8RN408993
    Stock: AH408993
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-29-2025

  • Price Drop
    $19,999
    great price
    $3,687 below market
    • 30,267 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 27 City / 37 Hwy MPG
    • Auto House (25 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 25 miles away from Apache Junction, AZ

    ***ONE OWNER CARFAX, SR PREMIUM PKG, BLACK APPEARANCE PKG, MOONROOF, HEATED SEATS, DUAL POWER SEATS, PREMIUM SOUND*** 2024 Nissan Altima 2.5 SR Brilli...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (27 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4BL4CV5RN392638
    Stock: AH392638
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-08-2025

  • $18,380
    great price
    $2,304 below market
    • 30,444 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 27 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Hertz Car Sales Phoenix Bell Rd (33 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 33 miles away from Apache Junction, AZ

    *All prices plus government fees and taxes, any finance charges, a dealer document preparation charge of $599, any electronic filing charge, and any e...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (27 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4BL4BVXRN420743
    Stock: 58508
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-05-2025

  • $22,667
    great price
    $2,647 below market
    • 31,303 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 26 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Auto House (25 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 25 miles away from Apache Junction, AZ

    ***CLEAN ONE OWNER CARFAX, NAVIGATION, MOONROOF, DUAL POWER HEATED SEATS*** 2024 Nissan Altima 2.5 SL Super Black Clearcoat AWD CVT with Xtronic 2.5L ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4BL4EWXRN405406
    Stock: AH405406
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-05-2025

  • New Listing
    $6,791
    great price
    $3,687 below market
    • 115,205 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 27 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Ideal Cars (15 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Power Driver Seat
    • USB Inputs
    • Remote Start
    Close

    Located in Mesa, AZ / 15 miles away from Apache Junction, AZ

    THIS VEHICLE IS LOCATED AT 837 W MAIN ST, MESA AZ 85201PLEASE CALL 480-983-3456REBUILDING CREDIT STARTS HERE- WE SAY YES!AFFORDABLE CARS FOR NEW BEGIN...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (27 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4AL3AP7FC587710
    Stock: C87710
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-05-2025

  • $18,691
    great price
    $1,652 below market
    • 33,493 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 27 City / 37 Hwy MPG
    • Hertz Car Sales Phoenix Bell Rd (33 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 33 miles away from Apache Junction, AZ

    *All prices plus government fees and taxes, any finance charges, a dealer document preparation charge of $599, any electronic filing charge, and any e...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (27 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4BL4DVXRN431495
    Stock: 58536
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-11-2025

  • Price Drop
    $13,084
    great price
    $2,632 below market
    • 86,501 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 27 City / 37 Hwy MPG
    • Bell Honda (32 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 32 miles away from Apache Junction, AZ

    CVT with Xtronic.2020 Nissan Altima 2.5 SR Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price! 27/37 City/Highway MPG Bell Honda on Bell Road and the 7th Avenue.

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (27 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4BL4CV3LC235645
    Stock: P75698
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-03-2025

  • Price Drop
    $18,360
    great price
    $2,390 below market
    • 29,201 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 27 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Hertz Car Sales Phoenix Bell Rd (33 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 33 miles away from Apache Junction, AZ

    *All prices plus government fees and taxes, any finance charges, a dealer document preparation charge of $599, any electronic filing charge, and any e...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (27 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4BL4BV7RN418691
    Stock: 58479
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-30-2025

  • $15,634
    great price
    $3,115 below market
    • 76,040 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 27 City / 37 Hwy MPG
    • AutoNation Chevrolet Arrowhead (41 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Peoria, AZ / 41 miles away from Apache Junction, AZ

    [R10] Body-Colored Rear Spoiler[L93] Sr Floor Mats/Trunk Mat/Hideaway Nets[B10] Body-Colored Splash Guards[B93] Chrome Bumper Protector[M92] Trunk...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (27 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4BL4CVXMN375259
    Stock: MN375259
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-08-2025

  • $18,638
    great price
    $1,726 below market
    • 33,078 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 27 City / 37 Hwy MPG
    • Hertz Car Sales Scottsdale (20 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Scottsdale, AZ / 20 miles away from Apache Junction, AZ

    *All prices plus government fees and taxes, any finance charges, a dealer document preparation charge of $599, any electronic filing charge, and any e...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (27 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4BL4DVXRN399809
    Stock: 58595
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-14-2025

  • Price Drop
    $18,989
    great price
    $2,154 below market
    • 22,650 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 27 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Hertz Car Sales Scottsdale (20 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Scottsdale, AZ / 20 miles away from Apache Junction, AZ

    *All prices plus government fees and taxes, any finance charges, a dealer document preparation charge of $599, any electronic filing charge, and any e...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (27 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4BL4BV1RN421229
    Stock: 58381
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-27-2025

  • New Listing
    $20,977
    great price
    $2,901 below market
    • 26,104 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 27 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • INFINITI of Scottsdale (24 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Scottsdale, AZ / 24 miles away from Apache Junction, AZ

    CARFAX One-Owner. CVT with Xtronic. Super Black 2025 Nissan Altima 2.5 SV 2.5L 4-Cylinder DOHC 16V FWD Nissan Certified Details: * Transferable Warran...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (27 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4BL4DV0SN339060
    Stock: P16684
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-19-2025

  • Price Drop
    $17,122
    great price
    $2,025 below market
    • 52,436 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 27 City / 37 Hwy MPG
    • Right Honda (24 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Scottsdale, AZ / 24 miles away from Apache Junction, AZ

    Gun Metallic 2023 Nissan Altima 2.5 SV FWD CVT with Xtronic 2.5L 4-Cylinder DOHC 16V -----CLEAN HISTORY REPORT------, ***CLEAN AS A PIN****, ONE O...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (27 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4BL4DV4PN328909
    Stock: 00849500
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-25-2025

  • $18,900
    great price
    $1,686 below market
    • 28,971 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 27 City / 37 Hwy MPG
    • Hertz Car Sales Phoenix Bell Rd (33 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 33 miles away from Apache Junction, AZ

    *All prices plus government fees and taxes, any finance charges, a dealer document preparation charge of $599, any electronic filing charge, and any e...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (27 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4BL4DV9RN393810
    Stock: 58467
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-29-2025

  • Price Drop
    $19,005
    great price
    $1,675 below market
    • 27,368 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 27 City / 37 Hwy MPG
    • Hertz Car Sales Phoenix Bell Rd (33 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 33 miles away from Apache Junction, AZ

    *All prices plus government fees and taxes, any finance charges, a dealer document preparation charge of $599, any electronic filing charge, and any e...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (27 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4BL4DV9RN394519
    Stock: 58278
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-10-2025

  • $18,638
    great price
    $1,717 below market
    • 33,259 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 27 City / 37 Hwy MPG
    • Hertz Car Sales Scottsdale (20 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Scottsdale, AZ / 20 miles away from Apache Junction, AZ

    *All prices plus government fees and taxes, any finance charges, a dealer document preparation charge of $599, any electronic filing charge, and any e...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (27 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4BL4DV4RN395559
    Stock: 58607
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-20-2025

  • $16,985
    good price
    $2,077 below market
    • 48,294 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 27 City / 37 Hwy MPG
    • INFINITI of Scottsdale (24 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Scottsdale, AZ / 24 miles away from Apache Junction, AZ

    Certified 2021 Nissan Altima 2.5 SV ?' Brilliant Silver Metallic ?' One Owner ?' For Sale in Scottsdale, AZ Drive with confidence in this Certified Pr...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (27 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4BL4DV5MN393859
    Stock: PN23191
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-07-2025

  • $18,900
    great price
    $1,674 below market
    • 29,173 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 27 City / 37 Hwy MPG
    • Hertz Car Sales Phoenix Bell Rd (33 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 33 miles away from Apache Junction, AZ

    *All prices plus government fees and taxes, any finance charges, a dealer document preparation charge of $599, any electronic filing charge, and any e...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (27 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4BL4DV3RN395066
    Stock: 58294
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-16-2025

  • $18,428
    great price
    $1,768 below market
    • 36,598 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 27 City / 37 Hwy MPG
    • Hertz Car Sales Scottsdale (20 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Scottsdale, AZ / 20 miles away from Apache Junction, AZ

    *All prices plus government fees and taxes, any finance charges, a dealer document preparation charge of $599, any electronic filing charge, and any e...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (27 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4BL4DV3RN398744
    Stock: 58426
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-10-2025

  • Price Drop
    $20,791
    great price
    $2,709 below market
    • 27,542 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 27 City / 37 Hwy MPG
    • Auto House (25 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 25 miles away from Apache Junction, AZ

    ***ONE OWNER CARFAX, SR PREMIUM PKG, BLACK APPEARANCE PKG, MOONROOF, HEATED SEATS, DUAL POWER SEATS, PREMIUM SOUND*** 2024 Nissan Altima 2.5 SR Scarle...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (27 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4BL4CV7RN391815
    Stock: AH391815
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-08-2025

Showing 1 - 21 out of 1,809 listings
Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius50 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.