Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
831 listings
  • New Listing
    • 83,308 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 23 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 791 miles away from Avery, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1VWBT7A34HC000866
    Stock: 2003556150
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-30-2025

  • New Listing
    $13,699
    fair price
    $347 above market
    • 65,404 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 23 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Town & Country Ford (450 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Bessemer, AL / 450 miles away from Avery, TX

    Thank you for visiting my website. Let me help you find the perfect vehicle. Contact me if you have questions.

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1VWAT7A36HC046856
    Stock: 241112TA
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-02-2024

  • $15,998
    fair price
    $357 above market
    • 54,810 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 23 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Palmdale, CA / 1,336 miles away from Avery, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1VWCT7A38HC043644
    Stock: 27561160
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $13,998
    fair price
    $87 above market
    • 70,388 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 23 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Duarte, CA / 1,329 miles away from Avery, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1VWDT7A38HC086451
    Stock: 27483126
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 108,350 miles
    • 4 accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 23 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Red Diamond Autos (360 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 360 miles away from Avery, TX

    At our dealership in San Antonio, we pride ourselves on offering a diverse inventory of vehicles to suit every driver's needs. Whether you're in the m...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1VWDT7A36HC062777
    Stock: 062777
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-11-2025

  • $9,650
    good price
    $821 below market
    • 116,123 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 23 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Last Chance Auto Sales (436 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Waverly, TN / 436 miles away from Avery, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1VWBT7A32HC042727
    Stock: 2569
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-06-2023

  • New Listing
    • 57,789 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 23 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 595 miles away from Avery, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1VWAT7A30HC045847
    Stock: 2003737821
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-29-2025

    • 91,099 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 23 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 595 miles away from Avery, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1VWBT7A38HC046586
    Stock: 2003746401
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-30-2025

  • New Listing
    • 16,410 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 23 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 1,523 miles away from Avery, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1VWAT7A34HC016240
    Stock: 2003828967
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-24-2025

  • $13,900
    fair price
    $277 above market
    • 45,232 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 23 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Midwest Auto Group (412 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Pacific, MO / 412 miles away from Avery, TX

    2017 Volkswagen Passat 1.8T S Sedan 4DTwo ownersDrives greatSpotless interiorNo petsSeats as good as newMust test driveVehicle Runs WellNon-smoker own...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1VWAT7A32HC010873
    Stock: 010873FP
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-21-2025

  • $8,700
    fair price
    $271 above market
    • 125,000 miles
    • 2 accidents, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 23 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Ashland Auto Sales (403 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Columbia, MO / 403 miles away from Avery, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1VWAT7A39HC006870
    Stock: 006870
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-16-2025

  • New Listing
    $13,950
    fair price
    $698 above market
    • 82,440 miles
    • 23 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Jay Wolfe Honda (377 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Kansas City, MO / 377 miles away from Avery, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1VWBT7A33HC030344
    Stock: XPW9804
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-05-2025

    • 100,284 miles
    • No accidents, 6 owners, personal use only
    • 20 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carland (117 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 117 miles away from Avery, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1VWCM7A36HC053490
    Stock: 053490
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-26-2025

    • 115,509 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 23 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Homer Skelton Ford of Millington (309 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Millington, TN / 309 miles away from Avery, TX

    Clean CARFAX.2017 Volkswagen Passat SEL Premium Blue 1.8L TSI 6-Speed Automatic with Tiptronic FWD **CLEAN VEHICLE HISTORY REPORT**, Navigation System...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1VWCT7A36HC035395
    Stock: 23490B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-11-2024

    • 84,533 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 25 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Gulf Freeway (269 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 269 miles away from Avery, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1VWMA7A3XKC004135
    Stock: 27353090
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 81,568 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 23 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Freedom Motors (297 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Abilene, TX / 297 miles away from Avery, TX

    Step into the world of sophisticated driving with the remarkable 2017 Volkswagen Passat 1.8T R-Line, a vehicle that seamlessly blends performance, com...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1VWDT7A33HC010331
    Stock: 6044
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-20-2025

  • New Listing
    • 91,921 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 23 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Homer Skelton Ford (300 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Olive Branch, MS / 300 miles away from Avery, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1VWBT7A36HC069140
    Stock: 16769
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-16-2025

    • 53,124 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 23 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 825 miles away from Avery, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1VWAT7A39HC054496
    Stock: 2003822678
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-26-2025

  • New Listing
    • 107,210 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 23 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Town & Country Ford (450 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Bessemer, AL / 450 miles away from Avery, TX

    Thank you for visiting my website. Let me help you find the perfect vehicle. Contact me if you have questions.

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1VWDT7A34HC046612
    Stock: 230131TA
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-30-2023

    • 56,832 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 23 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 1,523 miles away from Avery, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1VWDT7A36HC065744
    Stock: 2003748934
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-07-2025

    • 72,128 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 23 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 690 miles away from Avery, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1VWDT7A3XHC059428
    Stock: 2003818310
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-12-2025

Showing 484 - 504 out of 831 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Volkswagen Passat

Read recent reviews for the Volkswagen Passat
Overall Consumer Rating
4.3 out of 5 stars29 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 29 reviews
  • 5 star
    (72%)
  • 4 star
    (14%)
  • 3 star
    (3%)
  • 2 star
    (3%)
  • 1 star
    (7%)
1 out of 5 stars

VW stands for VERY WORST!

Joel M, 09/16/2017
2010 Volkswagen Passat Komfort 4dr Sedan (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 6AM)
I bought my 2010 VW Passat (2.0T TSI) used about 9 months ago. I did not buy it from a VW dealership, but did my homework and saw that all maintenance was consistent and up to date. It rode nice and and was okay for comfort and the body and engine looked to be in good shape. Blue Book value at the time was about $8200 and I picked it up for $8000. Within 3 months, I noticed a coolant … leak. I took it to a VW mechanic (not the dealership) who told me the auxiliary water pump casing had cracked. There are two water pumps on this vehicle and both are plastic. So I had the water pump replaced at a cost of about $600. About 2 weeks later, I have another coolant leak. this time it is the main water pump. Another $600 out the door. The mechanic told me he has been seeing this problem with all VW TSI engines from the years 2009 - 2011. The problem, as he can figure, is that there is a seal between the pump and the block. The design VW has makes sure a piece of this seal is sticking up. When oil contacts this seal, it swells causing the water pump casing to crack. That was his thoughts, though I'm not convinced it isn't just oil hitting the plastic that causes it to embrittle and fail. So now I have replaced both water pumps and think I'm good to go. Not so. About two months later, I have another coolant leak and it is, again, the main water pump casing that cracked. This looked to be caused by a little oil that was slopped during an oil change. That's all it took and I'm repairing this car, again. At this point I posted it for sale online because I see it is a dog. The blue book has now dropped to about $6500. No takers for a couple months and then, you guessed it, another coolant leak. I had the car in for the 120,000 mile maintenance a week before and the mechanic inspected the water pumps and everything was good. So I take it back to him and yes, the water pump failed again. This time the source of the oil that caused the leak was a failed PCV valve. During the aforementioned maintenance, this was checked and found to be working fine. It was not part of the maintenance, but my mechanic checks a lot more just to verify common failures are monitored. In this case, the PCV valve, which coincidentally is another cheap plastic part, failed causing the interior pressure of the engine to build, blowing out pretty much every seal on the engine. Oil sprays out, coats the water pump, and the water pump casing splits, again. Now I am looking at basically a $3000+ fix. Needless to say, it is now being offered for sale as a parts car. VW has been contacted throughout this period and, not surprisingly, has not responded. My feeling is that VW talks a good story about customer care and loyalty, but they really don't want to hear about problems, they just want you to pay to fix them, over and over. This feeling isn't just that they ignored my complaints, but go to their website. Try and find a place where you can actually lodge a complaint. It doesn't exist. There is a link for feedback, but it is really geared around feedback for their website, not for their products. You can eventually dig around long enough to get someone that will tell you to email your complaints to vwcustomercare@vw.com. Do yourselves a favor...avoid ALL VW products.
Report abuse
Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters5Active

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details

* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.