Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
267 listings
  • New Listing
    $38,495
    great price
    $5,694 below market
    • 19,339 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Car Dome Auto Sales (97 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Detroit, MI / 97 miles away from Findlay, OH

    Our sophisticated 2024 Cadillac XT6 Premium Luxury delivers distinctive attention to detail in Crystal White Tricoat! Powered by a 3.6 Liter V6 provid...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKPCRS9RZ726694
    Stock: Yo-7008
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-17-2025

  • $32,150
    great price
    $5,037 below market
    • 61,751 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • DeHaven Chevrolet (82 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Fort Wayne, IN / 82 miles away from Findlay, OH

    Recent Arrival.LIFETIME POWERTRAIN WARRANTY., OFF LEASE., CARFAX ONE OWNER., SUNROOF., LEATHER SEATS., AWD., BOSE STEREO., XT6 Sport, 4D Sport Utility...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKPHRS2NZ157131
    Stock: 4838P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-07-2025

  • New Listing
    $49,990
    good price
    $3,917 below market
    • 3,072 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Columbus (81 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 81 miles away from Findlay, OH

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKPCRS7SZ103418
    Stock: 2004057870
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-16-2025

  • Price Drop
    $41,295
    good price
    $3,372 below market
    • 14,965 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Les Stanford Cadillac (90 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Dearborn, MI / 90 miles away from Findlay, OH

    ONE OWNER, 1st, 2nd & 3rd Rows All-Weather Floor Liners (LPO), 2-Way Power Driver Lumbar Control Seat Adjuster, 2-Way Power Passenger Lumbar Control S...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKPDRS6PZ197840
    Stock: 38938
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 09-03-2025

  • Price Drop
    $42,521
    good price
    $2,117 below market
    • 19,008 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Graham Used Car Outlet (59 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Mansfield, OH / 59 miles away from Findlay, OH

    Vehicle Detailed!, Fresh oil change!, XT6 Premium Luxury, 4D Sport Utility, 3.6L V6 DI VVT, 9-Speed Automatic, AWD, Crystal White Tricoat, Black Leath...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKPDRS5RZ702849
    Stock: P12993
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-01-2025

  • $50,447
    good price
    $2,799 below market
    • 8,698 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Performance Chrysler Jeep Dodge Ram of Columbus (82 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 82 miles away from Findlay, OH

    PRICED $2503 BELOW KBB FAIR PURCHASE PRICE!!! Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price!Argent Silver Metallic 2024 Cadillac XT6 Sport AWD AWD 9-Speed Auto...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKPGRS4RZ709745
    Stock: RZ709745
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-28-2025

  • $37,121
    good price
    $3,191 below market
    • 41,437 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Morris Buick GMC (94 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in North Olmsted, OH / 94 miles away from Findlay, OH

    Recent Arrival! Clean CARFAX. Certified. 2023 Cadillac XT6 Premium Luxury 3.6L V6 DI VVT 9-Speed Automatic AWD170 Amp Alternator, 8-Way Power Driver S...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKPDRS0PZ218228
    Stock: 21650A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-16-2025

  • Price Drop
    $24,787
    good price
    $2,452 below market
    • 82,743 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (92 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Plymouth, MI / 92 miles away from Findlay, OH

    3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless Sta...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKPDRS6NZ119331
    Stock: NZ119331A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $50,778
    fair price
    $1,437 below market
    • 6,791 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Morris Buick GMC (94 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in North Olmsted, OH / 94 miles away from Findlay, OH

    Recent Arrival! CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price! Certified. Odometer is 12622 miles below market average! 2024 Ca...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKPGRSXRZ726579
    Stock: 21768B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-12-2025

  • $22,995
    good price
    $1,995 below market
    • 102,925 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Toyota Direct (79 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 79 miles away from Findlay, OH

    Crystal White Tricoat 2021 Cadillac XT6 Premium Luxury AWD 9-Speed Automatic 3.6L V6 DI VVT ONE OWNER!!, ***Clean AutoCheck***, LEATHER, MOONROOF SUNR...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKPDRS6MZ158614
    Stock: MZ158614
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-15-2025

  • $53,884
    fair price
    $1,642 below market
    • 5,020 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 6 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Les Stanford Cadillac (90 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Dearborn, MI / 90 miles away from Findlay, OH

    Crystal White Tricoat 2025 Cadillac XT6 Premium Luxury AWD 9-Speed Automatic 3.6L V6 DI VVT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKPDRS6SZ105134
    Stock: C50120
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-16-2024

  • Price Drop
    $35,595
    good price
    $2,905 below market
    • 36,695 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Les Stanford Cadillac (90 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Dearborn, MI / 90 miles away from Findlay, OH

    ONE OWNER, 170 Amp Alternator, 2-Way Power Driver Lumbar Control Seat Adjuster, 2-Way Power Passenger Lumbar Control Seat Adjuster, 4-Wheel Disc Brake...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKPCRS0PZ112145
    Stock: 38947
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 09-04-2025

  • Price Drop
    $42,500
    fair price
    $423 below market
    • 20,445 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Price Pro (38 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Maumee, OH / 38 miles away from Findlay, OH

    20" Alloy Wheels With Black Finish, Technology Pkg, Driver Assist Pkg, Navigation System, Stellar Black Metallic Tint, Ultraview Roof With Power Sunsh...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKPGRS2PZ178607
    Stock: 25965A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-22-2025

  • Price Drop
    $26,600
    fair price
    $922 below market
    • 77,882 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Boutique Ohio (83 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 83 miles away from Findlay, OH

    Carfax and Autocheck accident free.*Disclaimer*PRICE LISTED DOES NOT INCLUDE TAX (TAX RATE VARIES DEPENDING ON STATE, CITY, & COUNTY), TITLE ($20), TE...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKPDRS8LZ175798
    Stock: Y2761
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-05-2025

  • $29,890
    fair price
    $472 above market
    • 62,949 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Twins Auto of Dublin (71 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Dublin, OH / 71 miles away from Findlay, OH

    YOU ALWAYS WIN AT TWINS OF DUBLIN.2021 Cadillac XT6 Premium Luxury **PANORAMIC ROOF**, **NAVIGATION**, **USB PORTS**, **ALL WHEEL DRIVE**, **APPLE AN...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKPDRS2MZ214628
    Stock: D4636
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-12-2025

  • Price Drop
    $35,295
    fair price
    $1,218 below market
    • 42,771 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Toyota West (82 mi away)
    • Five Star Dealer
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 82 miles away from Findlay, OH

    170 Amp Alternator, 2-Way Power Driver Lumbar Control Seat Adjuster, 2-Way Power Passenger Lumbar Control Seat Adjuster, 3.49 Axle Ratio, 3rd row seat...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKPDRS1NZ109967
    Stock: TNZ109967
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-30-2025

  • Price Drop
    $39,990
    fair price
    $1,443 below market
    • 36,392 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Byers Imports (84 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 84 miles away from Findlay, OH

    1-OWNER CARFAX VERIFIED! *DESIRED FEATURES:* AWD, Navigation, Sun/Moonroof, Vista Roof, Backup Camera, Leather, Remote Start, 3rd Row Seat, Heated Sea...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKPDRS7RZ700455
    Stock: I222511A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-02-2025

  • $26,395
    fair price
    $825 below market
    • 88,327 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Car Dome Auto Sales (97 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Detroit, MI / 97 miles away from Findlay, OH

    Our elegant 2022 Cadillac XT6 Premium Luxury AWD in Latte Metallic is a bold SUV for families that want to do more! Motivated by a 3.6 Liter V6 supply...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKPDRS2NZ173421
    Stock: YO-2507
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-12-2025

    • 4,157 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Nick Abraham Buick GMC (84 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Elyria, OH / 84 miles away from Findlay, OH

    AWD FOR ALL SEASONS AND CONDITIONS! ADDED COMFORT AND CONVENIENCE OF POWER SEAT! LUXURIOUS LEATHER SEATS! EXTRA LARGE PANORAMIC ROOF! RAIN SENSING WIP...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKPGRS4RZ728408
    Stock: B1722700
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-07-2025

  • Price Drop
    $54,397
    fair price
    $791 above market
    • 14,668 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Morris Buick GMC (94 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in North Olmsted, OH / 94 miles away from Findlay, OH

    Recent Arrival! CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. Certified. 2025 Cadillac XT6 Sport 3.6L V6 DI VVT 9-Speed Automatic AWD8-Way Power Driver Seat Adjuste...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKPGRS3SZ104850
    Stock: 21703A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-15-2025

  • $47,995
    fair price
    $585 above market
    • 19,101 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 6 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Spitzer Motors of Mansfield (59 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Mansfield, OH / 59 miles away from Findlay, OH

    **Spitzer Certified* *AWD* *Sunroof* *Heated & Cooled Leather* *GPS Navigation* *1 Owner** Spitzer Certified Pre-Owned means you get the reassurance o...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKPDRS8SZ120380
    Stock: 26125MAR
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-11-2025

Showing 1 - 21 out of 267 listings
Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.