Skip to Filters
Report abuse
438 listings
BMW i4 rebates in 22906Check your savings potential before you buy
BMW i4 rebates in 22906
- Price Drop$45,999fair price$570 above market
- 5,108 miles
- No accidents, personal use only
- 273 - 287 mi est. range
- Outstanding battery score
- Rick Hill BMW (245 mi away)
Close
Located in Kingsport, TN / 245 miles away from Charlottesville, VA
Certified. BMW Certified Pre-Owned Details: * Warranty Deductible: $0 * Transferable Warranty * Vehicle History * Limited Warranty: 12 Month/Unlimited...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
Listing Information:
VIN: WBY73AW02PFP93374
Stock: 4304
Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
Listed since: 06-08-2024 - Price Drop$44,999fair price$1,276 above market
- 5,557 miles
- No accidents, personal use only
- 272 - 286 mi est. range
- Outstanding battery score
- Rick Hill BMW (245 mi away)
Close
Located in Kingsport, TN / 245 miles away from Charlottesville, VA
Certified. BMW Certified Pre-Owned Details: * Roadside Assistance * 1 year/Unlimited miles beginning after new car warranty expires. 6-yrs Roadside As...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
Listing Information:
VIN: WBY73AW06PFR11975
Stock: 4305
Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
Listed since: 11-14-2024 - Price Drop$36,977fair price$21 below market
- 45,003 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 275 - 288 mi est. range
- Outstanding battery score
- Hendrick BMW (234 mi away)
Close
Located in Charlotte, NC / 234 miles away from Charlottesville, VA
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
Listing Information:
VIN: WBY73AW03PFN85908
Stock: SN1682A
Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
Listed since: 04-26-2025 - $49,497fair price$1,093 above market
- 20,240 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 227 - 241 mi est. range
- Excellent battery score
- Open Road BMW of Morristown (287 mi away)
Close
Located in Morristown, NJ / 287 miles away from Charlottesville, VA
Navigation, Moonroof, Dual Zone A/C, Keyless Start, Onboard Communications System, iPod/MP3 Input, Satellite Radio, Rear Air, Power Liftgate, Aluminum...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
Listing Information:
VIN: WBY33AW00PFP32524
Stock: 69989A
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 05-25-2025 - New Listing$39,997fair price$269 below market
- 9,946 miles
- 301 mi range
- Voss Village BMW (326 mi away)
Close
Located in Dayton, OH / 326 miles away from Charlottesville, VA
Blind-spot warning, Back Up Camera, Navigation, BlueTooth, Non-Smoker, Satellite Radio, Heated Seats, SunRoof, Ambient Lighting, Driver Lumbar Support...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.
Features and Specs:
Listing Information:
VIN: WBY73AW05PFN44356
Stock: B12133
Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
Listed since: 06-04-2025 - New Listing$48,390fair price$1,067 below market
- 9,365 miles
- 270 mi range
- BMW of Ridgefield (350 mi away)
Close
Located in Ridgefield, CT / 350 miles away from Charlottesville, VA
GREAT MILES 9,365! Moonroof, Nav System, Keyless Start, Onboard Communications System, iPod/MP3 Input, Satellite Radio, Rear Air, All Wheel Drive, Pow...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.
Features and Specs:
Listing Information:
VIN: WBY33AW07PFN82668
Stock: BK24353LA
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 06-04-2025 - New Listing$35,995fair price$702 above market
- 23,516 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 215 - 228 mi est. range
- Excellent battery score
- Nalley BMW of Decatur (437 mi away)
Close
Located in Decatur, GA / 437 miles away from Charlottesville, VA
RECALL NOTICE: Some vehicles offered for sale may be subject to unrepaired manufacturer safety recalls. To determine the recall status of a vehicle, v...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
Listing Information:
VIN: WBY43AW07PFP85547
Stock: NBDL250548A
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 05-25-2025 - $46,928
- 3,214 miles
- Lemon reported, 1 owner, personal use
- 231 - 246 mi est. range
- Excellent battery score
- Deluxe Auto Sales (289 mi away)
Close
Located in Linden, NJ / 289 miles away from Charlottesville, VA
Please note BMW USA reacquired this vehicle due to a customer complaint concerning"Electrical Heater".BMW USA fully resolved this matter under warrant...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Issue reported
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: Yes
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
Listing Information:
VIN: WBY33AW08PFP32089
Stock: 17906
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 04-11-2025 - New Listing$38,990fair price$1,018 above market
- 13,199 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 273 - 286 mi est. range
- Outstanding battery score
- Carvana (In-stock online)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Phoenix, AZ / 1,897 miles away from Charlottesville, VA
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
Listing Information:
VIN: WBY73AW01PFN82635
Stock: 2003691205
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 04-29-2025 - $57,395
- 75 miles
- No accidents, personal use only
- 255 - 272 mi est. range
- Excellent battery score
- Passport BMW (101 mi away)
Close
Located in Suitland, MD / 101 miles away from Charlottesville, VA
2025 BMW i4 eDrive40 Black Sapphire Metallic RWD Single-Speed Automatic Electric MotorAdaptive M Suspension, Aerodynamic Kit, Black Mirror Caps, Dri...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
Listing Information:
VIN: WBY23HD07SFU08440
Stock: S97413
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 03-07-2025 - $59,895
- 75 miles
- No accidents, personal use only
- 234 - 247 mi est. range
- Excellent battery score
- Passport BMW (101 mi away)
Close
Located in Suitland, MD / 101 miles away from Charlottesville, VA
2025 BMW i4 xDrive40 Black Sapphire Metallic AWD Single-Speed Automatic Electric MotorAerodynamic Kit, Black Mirror Caps, BMW Curved Display w/HUD, ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
Listing Information:
VIN: WBY43HD08SFU18774
Stock: S97538
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 03-05-2025 - $64,895
- 350 miles
- No accidents, personal use only
- 227 - 240 mi est. range
- Outstanding battery score
- Passport BMW (101 mi away)
Close
Located in Suitland, MD / 101 miles away from Charlottesville, VA
2025 BMW i4 M50 Alpine White AWD Single-Speed Automatic Electric MotorBMW Curved Display w/HUD, Connected Package Pro, harman/kardon Surround Sound ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
Listing Information:
VIN: WBY33HD00SFU01589
Stock: S97315
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 03-06-2025 - $57,895
- 75 miles
- No accidents, personal use only
- 234 - 247 mi est. range
- Excellent battery score
- Passport BMW (101 mi away)
Close
Located in Suitland, MD / 101 miles away from Charlottesville, VA
2025 BMW i4 xDrive40 Mineral White Metallic AWD Single-Speed Automatic Electric MotorAerodynamic Kit, Black Mirror Caps, BMW Curved Display w/HUD, C...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
Listing Information:
VIN: WBY43HD00SFU28702
Stock: S97676
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 03-05-2025 - $54,895
- 350 miles
- No accidents, personal use only
- 256 - 272 mi est. range
- Excellent battery score
- Passport BMW (101 mi away)
Close
Located in Suitland, MD / 101 miles away from Charlottesville, VA
2025 BMW i4 eDrive40 Gray Metallic RWD Single-Speed Automatic Electric MotorBMW Curved Display w/HUD, Connected Package Pro, Driving Assistance Pack...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
Listing Information:
VIN: WBY23HD00SFU02043
Stock: S97327
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 03-06-2025 - $54,795
- 350 miles
- No accidents, personal use only
- 256 - 272 mi est. range
- Excellent battery score
- Passport BMW (101 mi away)
Close
Located in Suitland, MD / 101 miles away from Charlottesville, VA
2025 BMW i4 eDrive40 Cape York Green Metallic RWD Single-Speed Automatic Electric MotorActive Park Distance Control, Connected Package Pro, Driving ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
Listing Information:
VIN: WBY23HD07SFT86620
Stock: S97532
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 03-06-2025 - $52,795
- 350 miles
- No accidents, personal use only
- 256 - 272 mi est. range
- Excellent battery score
- Passport BMW (101 mi away)
Close
Located in Suitland, MD / 101 miles away from Charlottesville, VA
2025 BMW i4 eDrive40 Gray Metallic RWD Single-Speed Automatic Electric MotorClean CARFAX.Introducing our PASSPORT ONE PRICE program where qualifie...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
Listing Information:
VIN: WBY23HD08SFU05241
Stock: S97373
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 03-07-2025 - $59,275
- 1,756 miles
- No accidents, personal use only
- 264 - 279 mi est. range
- Excellent battery score
- BMW of Rockville (102 mi away)
Close
Located in Rockville, MD / 102 miles away from Charlottesville, VA
Sun/MoonroofNavigation SystemHeated Steering WheelKeyless StartAlpine WhiteAluminum Rhombicle Anthracite TrimCognac; Perforated Sensatec Upholst...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
Listing Information:
VIN: WBY23HD01SFU41076
Stock: SFU41076
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 03-17-2025 - $59,275
- 1,093 miles
- No accidents, personal use only
- 269 - 277 mi est. range
- Excellent battery score
- BMW of Rockville (102 mi away)
Close
Located in Rockville, MD / 102 miles away from Charlottesville, VA
Sun/MoonroofNavigation SystemHeated Steering WheelKeyless StartAlpine WhiteBlack; Perforated Sensatec UpholsteryFineline Light Open-Pore Fine Wo...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
Listing Information:
VIN: WBY23HD09SFU49877
Stock: SFU49877
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 03-04-2025 - $62,575
- 1,460 miles
- No accidents, personal use only
- 262 - 273 mi est. range
- Excellent battery score
- BMW of Rockville (102 mi away)
Close
Located in Rockville, MD / 102 miles away from Charlottesville, VA
Premium PackageHarman/Kardon Surround Sound SystemBlack Sapphire MetallicWheels: 19" X 8.5" Fr & 19" X 9.0" Rr BicolorSun/MoonroofDriving Assista...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
Listing Information:
VIN: WBY23HD05SFU30100
Stock: SFU30100
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 02-01-2025 - $61,975
- 2,847 miles
- No accidents, personal use only
- 264 - 279 mi est. range
- Excellent battery score
- BMW of Rockville (102 mi away)
Close
Located in Rockville, MD / 102 miles away from Charlottesville, VA
Premium PackageHarman/Kardon Surround Sound SystemSkyscraper Grey MetallicSun/MoonroofDriving Assistance PackageNavigation SystemHeated Steering...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
Listing Information:
VIN: WBY23HD05SFU26497
Stock: SFU26497
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 02-01-2025 - $60,525
- 836 miles
- No accidents, personal use only
- 264 - 279 mi est. range
- Excellent battery score
- BMW of Rockville (102 mi away)
Close
Located in Rockville, MD / 102 miles away from Charlottesville, VA
Skyscraper Grey MetallicWheels: 19" X 8.5" Fr & 19" X 9.0" Rr BicolorSun/MoonroofNavigation SystemHeated Steering WheelKeyless StartCanberra Bei...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
Listing Information:
VIN: WBY23HD04SFU50838
Stock: SFU50838
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 03-04-2025
Showing 169 - 189 out of 438 listings
Consumer Reviews for the BMWÂ i4
Read recent reviews for the BMWÂ i4
Our first EV
BaronofGreymatter, 03/22/2023
2023 BMW i4 eDrive40 4dr Sedan (electric DD)
In 2020 we built a new net-zero house with a 15 kW solar array, so when the lease on our 2019 Honda CR-V ended, we shopped for an EV to replace it. We tested the Model Y, Mach-E, ID.4, EV6, Ioniq 5, BMW iX, and BMW i4, settling on an i4 eDrive 40 with the M-Sport package. This was a big step for us not only in the switch to an EV, but also because it replaced an AWD SUV (our other car is … a 2018 Audi S4). We chose the i4 based on driving dynamics, range, and build quality, figuring that the large hatchback would manage 99% of the hauling tasks of an SUV or wagon. We chose the RWD i4 based on better range and driving dynamics than the AWD i4 M50. Living on the south coast of MA, winters are mild so we anticipated that RWD and the OEM all-season (i.e., no season) tires would be sufficient all year round, particularly as we have the S4 with an 18" winter wheel and tire package for those few days when RWD might be dicey.
I love performance cars, which is the i4 emphatically not, but it is so rewarding to drive that I hardly use the S4 anymore. The dynamics are quite good. Steering unsurprisingly lacks feel but is accurate with crisp turn-in and good centering (we got the dynamic steering option). We got the M-Sport package as that was the only way to get adaptive dampers. The car corners fairly flat and comfort mode hits an excellent balance between absorbing bumps while limiting excess body motion. The car can hustle and has decent grip on the OEM Pirelli P Zeros, but the 4680-pound curb weight makes it more of a luxury cruiser than a sport sedan, despite the pretense. Given that weight, we opted for the uprated brakes, but they hardly ever get used since the regen works so well. At least the brake pedal feel is good and the transitions from regen to mechanical braking are imperceptible. The single motor i4 has more than adequate acceleration (high 4 to low 5 sec 0-60 according to reviews) and has the typical EV benefit of instant torque that makes merging on highways or passing bicycles on country roads easy.
The interior build quality and feel are great, and the car is very quiet on the road. We got the Harmon Kardon sound system and it's worth the money, particularly with the minimal background noise. This is the first car I've owned where listening to classical music is worthwhile. The interior downsides are the center tunnel (this is a dual-purpose ICE/EV platform) and limited rear passenger leg and headroom. Not a problem for us with no kids or dogs but could deter many. The hatch works well, and the car can easily haul a bicycle or all our trash & recycling for the dump run.
The iDrive 8 infotainment system is on par with better end of those in EVs we tested (ID.4 the worst) but the lack of physical buttons for some functions is irritating. My biggest gripe is with turning on the seat heaters (at least the steering wheel has a one-level physical button) and the lack of physical audio preset buttons. Voice control works well but is too laggy for flipping between Sirius XM channels. The graphic quality of the display is excellent, and we haven't had any issues with using it in bright sun or at night. The HUD works well and shows next turn instructions from Waze via Android Auto. Seeing Waze guidance on the HUD was intermittent at first, but now realizable. Maybe an OTA update fixed it? We initially optioned dynamic cruise control and 360-degree parking camera, but those became unavailable as the wiring harnesses were made in Ukraine. Damn Putin!
A downside of the M-Sport package is that it only comes with staggered width 19" wheels. Those large contact patches cost about 7% of range compared to the 18s on the base e40. Given the way we drive the car, I'd happily give up some grip for better range. Despite big wheels, the car has been more efficient than we expected. Our solar array makes more power than the house uses, and MA has net metering, so we have paid nothing for charging over the first 20,000 miles of use (October 2022 through December 2024). When the weather is good (no rain, temps in the high 40s to low 70s) we routinely see 3.8 to 4.2 mi/kWh or better in mixed driving that's about 80% highway. Average mi/kWh since factory now sits at 3.9. It loses 20-30% of range in cold weather. Still, there is enough capacity (81.5 kWh) that even in the worst conditions I can make my once a week 150-mile round trip commute while keeping the state of charge between 80-20%. I believe that it beats the EPA rated range 282-mile range in ideal conditions. Since we bought the car outright, I'm trying to keep the SOC in the 80-20 range. So far, I have avoided DC fast charging. For longer trips, particularly in foul weather, we use the S4.
When I started looking at EVs I never imagined buying one built on an ICE platform, but the test drive sealed the deal for the i4. Something about the low center of gravity, very quiet cabin, and nicely balanced suspension makes the i4 driving experience feel like a much more expensive luxury car. Despite being a petrol-head and former amateur motorcycle road racer, the peak i4 driving experience for me is serenely wafting along in that comfortable and quiet cabin, listening to music, and eking out the highest mi/kWh I can. It's fun to try and maximize coasting and then judge the regen invoked by moving the drive selector from D to B so the car stops at a light or intersection without touching the brake. Another benefit of being inside the car is not having to look at its godawful nose. At least it has a low coefficient of drag. The i4 might not appeal to a wide audience, but for us it's near perfect. I'd give it five stars if we could have got the dynamic cruise and parking assist features.
The first scheduled maintenance was at 36,000 miles based on 2-year interval (otherwise 40K). It was relatively trivial, except that the rear tires needed replacement. I doubt the brakes will need anything for the first 100,000 miles since I mostly slow with regen, and it's great not having to pay for oil & filter changes every 7,500 to 10,000 miles, or spark plugs & timing belts.
The negatives are minor so far. The M steering wheel is too thick and the metal trim on its spokes are cold in winter and take a long time to warm up despite the heated wheel. The outside doorhandles are oddly designed, making it easy for your hand to slide off when trying to open them. The blind spot warning lights in the side mirrors are too small and peripherally placed to be ideal. Our Audi S4 has big warning lights in the side mirror bezel that is much better, but the mirror placement in i4 wouldn't allow it. The back of the car is a dirt magnet. Not sure if that's got to do with aerodynamics, but it never stays clean the and the rear-facing camera lens requires frequent cleaning in winter. That's about all I have to complain about so far (2 years and 38,000 miles).
Used 2023 BMW i4 in Charlottesville, VA Values
Estimated values
2023 BMW i4 eDrive40 4dr Sedan (electric DD) with no options
| Condition | Trade-In | Private Party | Dealer Retail |
|---|---|---|---|
| Outstanding | $35,203 | $37,966 | $41,084 |
| Clean | $34,703 | $37,378 | $40,396 |
| Average | $33,870 | $36,398 | $39,249 |
| Rough | $32,787 | $35,125 | $37,757 |
The average list price of a used 2023 BMW i4 in Charlottesville, Virginia is $52,093. The average mileage on a used BMW i4 2023 for sale in Charlottesville, Virginia is 6,894. Based on the average mileage of 6,894 for used 2023 BMW i4 for sale in Charlottesville, VA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used BMW i4 2023 in Charlottesville, Virginia to be $33,870.
Filters
Skip to ResultsApplied Filters4Active
Make & Model
Year
New / Used
Price & Payments
Price Rating
Trim
Mileage
Accidents & History
EV Details
Engine & Drivetrain
Exterior Color
Interior Color
Total Seating
Edmunds Review
Features
Options & Packages
* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.