Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
212 listings
  • New Listing
    $19,000
    great price
    $3,199 below market
    • 84,314 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • DARCARS Toyota of Silver Spring (7 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Silver Spring, MD / 7 miles away from Silver Spring, MD

    2022 Toyota Corolla Cross LE Recent Arrival!Barcelona Red Metallic AWD 2.0L I4 PDI DOHC 16V LEV3-SULEV30 169hp CVT Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Pr...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (29 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 7MUBAABG4NV002186
    Stock: 52A0689A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-05-2025

  • $22,594
    great price
    $2,004 below market
    • 45,148 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Koons Ford of Falls Church (17 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Falls Church, VA / 17 miles away from Silver Spring, MD

    2022 Toyota Corolla Cross L 4D Sport Utility CVT 31/33 City/Highway MPG 2022 Clean CARFAX. CARFAX One-Owner. Gray FWD L Toyota Corolla Cross 31/33 Cit...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (31 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 7MUAAAAG6NV002011
    Stock: 0PB03138
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-02-2025

  • Price Drop
    $26,998
    good price
    $1,373 below market
    • 21,726 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax Salisbury (95 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Salisbury, MD / 95 miles away from Silver Spring, MD

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (29 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 7MUDAABG3NV008893
    Stock: 27094441
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $24,500
    good price
    $935 below market
    • 29,000 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Fred's Executive Auto (34 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Woodbridge, VA / 34 miles away from Silver Spring, MD

    None Smoker!! Equipment TMS 50 STATE EMISSIONS MOONSTONE PREMIUM FABRIC SEAT TRIM BLACKOUT EMBLEM OVERLAYS TMS Options Interior 1 12V DC Power Outlet ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (29 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 7MUBAABG5NV020986
    Stock: 020986
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-06-2024

  • Price Drop
    $24,500
    good price
    $859 below market
    • 20,666 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Safford Chrysler Jeep Dodge Ram FIAT of Springfield (25 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Springfield, VA / 25 miles away from Silver Spring, MD

    Full Speed Forward Collision Warning Plus, Adaptive Cruise Control, Blind-Spot and Cross-Path Detection, Lane Keeping Assist, Backup Camera, Bluetooth...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (31 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 7MUCAAAGXNV033836
    Stock: A480
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-12-2025

  • Price Drop
    $27,998
    fair price
    $281 below market
    • 31,974 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax Dulles (20 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Sterling, VA / 20 miles away from Silver Spring, MD

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (29 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 7MUDAABG5NV037506
    Stock: 27276151
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $25,500
    fair price
    $816 above market
    • 22,145 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Bill Page Toyota (17 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Falls Church, VA / 17 miles away from Silver Spring, MD

    2022 Toyota Corolla Cross L Jet Black AWD CVT 2.0L I4 PDI DOHC 16V LEV3-SULEV30 169hpToyota Safety Sense 2.0: Pre-Collision Sys w/Pedestrian Detection...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (29 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 7MUAAABG4NV001731
    Stock: P8517
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-09-2025

  • Price Drop
    $25,998
    fair price
    $395 above market
    • 16,353 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax Laurel (14 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Laurel, MD / 14 miles away from Silver Spring, MD

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (29 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 7MUCAABG4NV021857
    Stock: 27282773
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $23,995
    fair price
    $238 below market
    • 35,152 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Kargar Motors (31 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Manassas, VA / 31 miles away from Silver Spring, MD

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (29 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 7MUCAABG0NV017207
    Stock: KMM10023
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $24,495
    fair price
    $308 above market
    • 45,054 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Waldorf Toyota (34 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Waldorf, MD / 34 miles away from Silver Spring, MD

    **Recent Arrival!** **CLEAN Carfax!** **One Owner Vehicle!** **Priced to Sell!** **Fuel Saver!** **Perfect For Any Commute!** **Ask For a Video ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (31 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 7MUCAAAG3NV030129
    Stock: 00081388
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-21-2025

    • Not provided
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Fitzgerald Toyota Gaithersburg (8 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Gaithersburg, MD / 8 miles away from Silver Spring, MD

    This vehicle won't be on the lot long! It just arrived on our lot this past week! Top features include air conditioning, a tachometer, remote keyless ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (29 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 7MUCAABG9NV024981
    Stock: ER24981
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-05-2025

  • $29,590
    fair price
    $194 above market
    • 31,064 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Del Toyota (93 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Thorndale, PA / 93 miles away from Silver Spring, MD

    2022 Toyota Corolla Cross in enticing Celestite!! Includes . Just 31062 miles on this ideal Compact Sport Utility. Haven't you been hunting for a Coro...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (29 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 7MUDAABG8NV010154
    Stock: 251438A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-05-2025

  • Stock photo**
    $24,995
    fair price
    $641 above market
    • 33,218 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • College Park Hyundai (10 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in College Park, MD / 10 miles away from Silver Spring, MD

    Jet Black exterior and Black interior. Onboard Communications System, iPod/MP3 Input, Satellite Radio, Aluminum Wheels, BLACK BADGES PACKAGE (TMS), Ba...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (31 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 7MUCAAAG7NV018954
    Stock: NV018954
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-10-2025

  • New Listing
    $25,998
    fair price
    $447 above market
    • 27,643 miles
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax Newark (83 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Newark, DE / 83 miles away from Silver Spring, MD

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (29 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 7MUCAABG5NV036657
    Stock: 27202916
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 2,465 miles
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax Laurel (14 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Laurel, MD / 14 miles away from Silver Spring, MD

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (29 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 7MUCAABG0NV005140
    Stock: 27450177
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 56,667 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • DARCARS Toyota of Silver Spring (7 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Silver Spring, MD / 7 miles away from Silver Spring, MD

    2022 Toyota Corolla Cross LE Recent Arrival! CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX.Blue AWD 2.0L I4 PDI DOHC 16V LEV3-SULEV30 169hp CVT 29/32 City/Highway ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (29 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 7MUCAABG6NV032181
    Stock: 52A0671A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-14-2025

    • 40,119 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Platinum Preowned (77 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Carlisle, PA / 77 miles away from Silver Spring, MD

    Red 2022 Toyota Corolla Cross LE FWD CVT 2.0L I4 PDI DOHC 16V LEV3-SULEV30 169hpRecent Arrival! Odometer is 3006 miles below market average! 31/33 C...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (31 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 7MUCAAAGXNV033352
    Stock: 14292
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-05-2025

  • Photos not available
    • Not provided
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Fitzgerald Toyota Gaithersburg (8 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Gaithersburg, MD / 8 miles away from Silver Spring, MD

    What a great deal on this 2022 Toyota! It comes equipped with all the standard amenities for your driving enjoyment. Top features include power window...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (31 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 7MUCAAAG8NV008787
    Stock: DR08787
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-28-2025

    • 53,849 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Platinum Preowned (77 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Carlisle, PA / 77 miles away from Silver Spring, MD

    Black 2022 Toyota Corolla Cross LE FWD CVT 2.0L I4 PDI DOHC 16V LEV3-SULEV30 169hp31/33 City/Highway MPG

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (31 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 7MUCAAAG2NV032390
    Stock: 14249
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-18-2025

  • $26,900
    great price
    $2,398 below market
    • 9,186 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Koons of Woodbridge (36 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Woodbridge, VA / 36 miles away from Silver Spring, MD

    Visit Koons Automotive of Woodbridge online at www.koonsofwoodbridge.com to see more pictures of this vehicle or call us at 571-285-3277 today to sch...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (31 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 7MUDAAAGXPV051048
    Stock: 35419
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $25,843
    fair price
    $491 below market
    • 47,879 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • DARCARS Toyota of Baltimore (31 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Baltimore, MD / 31 miles away from Silver Spring, MD

    2023 Toyota Corolla Cross XLE Clean CARFAX.Corolla Cross XLE, 4D Sport Utility, 2.0L I4 PDI DOHC 16V LEV3-SULEV30 169hp, CVT, FWD, Sonic Silver, Bla...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (31 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 7MUEAAAG2PV059102
    Stock: E1E0228
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-07-2025

Showing 1 - 21 out of 212 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Toyota Corolla Cross

Read recent reviews for the Toyota Corolla Cross
Overall Consumer Rating
3.9 out of 5 stars46 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 46 reviews
  • 5 star
    (52%)
  • 4 star
    (13%)
  • 3 star
    (20%)
  • 2 star
    (2%)
  • 1 star
    (13%)
3 out of 5 stars

It works I guess

Devin, 02/22/2023
2022 Toyota Corolla Cross L 4dr SUV AWD (2.0L 4cyl CVT)
It's a great size and I like the LE AWD trim package, it has everything I needed. I have had some issues though six months into owning it. The door seals are great and have an occasional whistle. It has no guts to accelerate from a stop or from speed so passing is iffy. When I picked it up a blindside detector chip had blown and needed replacing and now the fuel sending unit is blown … too. Both covered under warranty but not things I expected.
Report abuse

Used 2022 Toyota Corolla Cross in Silver Spring, MD Values

Estimated values
2022 Toyota Corolla Cross LE 4dr SUV AWD (2.0L 4cyl CVT) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$21,417$23,150$24,966
Clean$21,037$22,700$24,438
Average$20,404$21,949$23,559
Rough$19,581$20,974$22,415

The average list price of a used 2022 Toyota Corolla Cross in Silver Spring, Maryland is $25,638. The average mileage on a used Toyota Corolla Cross 2022 for sale in Silver Spring, Maryland is 31,125. Based on the average mileage of 31,125 for used 2022 Toyota Corolla Cross for sale in Silver Spring, MD and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Toyota Corolla Cross 2022 in Silver Spring, Maryland to be $20,404.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.