Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
87 listings

Save with Polestar 2 rebates
Check your savings potential before you buy

  • Price Drop
    $24,900
    great price
    $4,869 below market
    • 20,968 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 249 mi range
    • Courtesy Chevrolet (115 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 115 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    Sales price is plus tax, title, license, and $599 Doc fee, and dealer installed accessories. All New & Used Courtesy vehicles come pre-equipped with L...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: LPSED3KA5NL073414
    Stock: MTE10058
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-27-2025

  • EV Tax CreditCertain EVs and PHEVs may be eligible for a federal used EV tax credit up to $4,000. Buyer and car must qualify.
    $21,000
    great price
    $8,028 below market
    • 25,226 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 249 mi range
    • Desert 215 Superstore (362 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Las Vegas, NV / 362 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    Our electric, Accident Free, One Owner 2022 Polestar 2 Long Range Dual Motor AWD relies on a sophisticated minimalist design for maximum style in Midn...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: LPSED3KA4NL080550
    Stock: NL080550P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-19-2025

  • Price Drop
    $31,500
    great price
    $4,803 below market
    • 3,629 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 249 mi range
    • Van Nuys Chrysler Dodge Jeep RAM (439 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Van Nuys, CA / 439 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    **LEATHER INTERIOR**, **NAVIGATION / GPS**, **BACKUP CAMERA**, **BLUETOOTH WIRELESS / HANDS FREE**, 360 Surround View Camera, Cordless Charging, Drive...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: LPSED3KA0NL075166
    Stock: PV24199
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-12-2025

  • Price Drop
    $24,400
    good price
    $3,351 below market
    • 32,659 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 249 mi range
    • Courtesy Chevrolet (115 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 115 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    Sales price is plus tax, title, license, and $599 Doc fee, and dealer installed accessories. All New & Used Courtesy vehicles come pre-equipped with L...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: LPSED3KA9NL054736
    Stock: MTE09990
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-27-2025

  • EV Tax CreditCertain EVs and PHEVs may be eligible for a federal used EV tax credit up to $4,000. Buyer and car must qualify.
    $22,698
    good price
    $1,116 below market
    • 18,323 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 270 mi range
    • Finesse A Car (420 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Los Angeles, CA / 420 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: LPSEG3KA1NL079816
    Stock: P1846
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-25-2025

  • $26,222
    good price
    $2,845 below market
    • 22,697 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 249 mi range
    • Volvo Cars Carlsbad (357 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Carlsbad, CA / 357 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: LPSED3KA2NL059275
    Stock: P5154
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-28-2025

  • New Listing
    $29,990
    fair price
    $214 below market
    • 13,845 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 249 mi range
    • Carvana - Los Angeles (425 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Los Angeles, CA / 425 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: LPSED3KA4NL052120
    Stock: 2003742286
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-28-2025

  • $26,590
    fair price
    $317 below market
    • 37,646 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 249 mi range
    • Carvana - Phoenix (118 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 118 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: LPSED3KA4NL080984
    Stock: 2003719029
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-17-2025

  • $28,987
    fair price
    $266 below market
    • 19,816 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 249 mi range
    • Glendale INFINITI (428 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Glendale, CA / 428 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    Magnesium 2022 Polestar 2 Long Range Dual Motor AWD 1-Speed Automatic Electric Motor Cordless Charging, Fixed Panoramic Sunroof, Golden Color Seat Bel...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: LPSED3KA1NL056366
    Stock: GP2450
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-10-2025

  • $27,980
    fair price
    $150 below market
    • 28,599 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 249 mi range
    • AutoNation Volkswagen Carlsbad (358 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Carlsbad, CA / 358 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    Navigation SystemLane Keeping AssistKeyless Start2022Polestar2 Indulge yourself with one of the most highly crafted, most luxurious automobiles a...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: LPSED3KA5NL084638
    Stock: NL084638
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-05-2025

  • $29,200
    fair price
    $989 above market
    • 29,970 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 249 mi range
    • Courtesy Volvo Cars of Scottsdale (111 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Scottsdale, AZ / 111 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    Sales price is plus tax, title, license, and $599 Doc fee, and dealer installed accessories. All Courtesy Used Vehicles come equipped with the followi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: LPSED3KA6NL055584
    Stock: MTE09966
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-05-2025

    • 27,359 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 270 mi range
    • Courtesy Volvo Cars of Scottsdale (111 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Scottsdale, AZ / 111 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    Sales price is plus tax, title, license, and $599 Doc fee, and dealer installed accessories. All Courtesy Used Vehicles come equipped with the followi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: LPSEG3KAXNL069804
    Stock: MTE10528
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-04-2025

  • New Listing
    • 21,315 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 249 mi range
    • Carvana - Los Angeles (425 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Los Angeles, CA / 425 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: LPSED3KA8NL083614
    Stock: 2003800855
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-06-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 46,913 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 249 mi range
    • Carvana - Los Angeles (425 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Los Angeles, CA / 425 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: LPSED3KAXNL052557
    Stock: 2003787970
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-16-2025

    • 40,191 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 270 mi range
    • Courtesy Volvo Cars of Scottsdale (111 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Scottsdale, AZ / 111 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    Sales price is plus tax, title, license, and $599 Doc fee, and dealer installed accessories. All Courtesy Used Vehicles come equipped with the followi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: LPSEG3KA8NL080008
    Stock: MTE10544
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-05-2025

    • 29,973 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 249 mi range
    • Orange Coast INFINITI (405 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Westminster, CA / 405 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    Recent Arrival! CARFAX One-Owner. Gray 2022 Polestar 2 Long Range Dual Motor AWD 1-Speed Automatic Electric Motor94/84 City/Highway MPGhttp://www...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: LPSED3KA9NL075070
    Stock: P7233
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-26-2025

    • 30,187 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 249 mi range
    • Orange Coast INFINITI (405 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Westminster, CA / 405 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    Recent Arrival! CARFAX One-Owner. White 2022 Polestar 2 Long Range Dual Motor AWD 1-Speed Automatic Electric Motor94/84 City/Highway MPGhttp://ww...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: LPSED3KA8NL051424
    Stock: P7234
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-26-2025

  • New Listing
    • 41,564 miles
    • 249 mi range
    • Carvana - Phoenix (118 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 118 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: LPSED3KA9NL078714
    Stock: 2003853924
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-02-2025

  • $23,500
    good price
    $1,724 below market
    • 39,000 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 233 mi range
    • Certified Benz & Beemer (110 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Scottsdale, AZ / 110 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    **LAUNCH EDITION**HARMAN KARDON PREMIUM SOUND SYSTEM**REMOTE KEYLESS ENTRY**POWER LIFTGATE**BLUETOOTH CONNECTIVITY**REAR VIEW CAMERA**NAVIGATION/GPS**...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: LPSED3KA6ML013706
    Stock: 23921
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-04-2025

  • $25,950
    fair price
    $130 below market
    • 31,339 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 233 mi range
    • Towbin Dodge Ram (353 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Henderson, NV / 353 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    Towbin Dodge, located in the Valley Auto Mall in Henderson, is pleased to offer this Magnesium 2021 Polestar 2 Launch Edition for purchase, this vehic...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: LPSED3KA8ML012329
    Stock: TPU20783
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-21-2025

  • New Listing
    $26,590
    fair price
    $479 above market
    • 29,033 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 233 mi range
    • Carvana - Los Angeles (425 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Los Angeles, CA / 425 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: LPSED3KA0ML006539
    Stock: 2003755697
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-28-2025

Showing 1 - 21 out of 87 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Polestar 2

Read recent reviews for the Polestar 2
Overall Consumer Rating
3.9 out of 5 stars21 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 21 reviews
  • 5 star
    (52%)
  • 4 star
    (14%)
  • 3 star
    (10%)
  • 2 star
    (14%)
  • 1 star
    (10%)
5 out of 5 stars

Modern Sports Sedan

tendies, 06/07/2022
2022 Polestar 2 Long Range Dual Motor 4dr Hatchback AWD (electric DD)
Reviewers seem confused on whether or not they think the Polestar 2 is beautiful. The ‘truth’ is that it’s one of the most attractive cars on the road today and will turn heads everywhere you go. The styling is unique, but does not scream, “I’m an EV!” I love the discrete badging that causes onlookers to scan the car like they’re admiring a work of art in a gallery. The interior and … controls are simple and well thought out, except for the cup holder. Storage isn’t great, but it’s not terrible either. The hatchback, folding seats, and flip-up grocery organizer are as practical as it needs to get for a small car. And although the Polestar 2 is small, it’s certainly not light at ~4700 lbs. Yet it hustles its weight through turns admirably and always feels planted and nimble. Acceleration is forceful but smooth, and available instantly whenever you need it. Coming from a turbo 4 cylinder car will have you thinking you’re in a space ship. One pedal driving is perfectly executed and also adjustable. The ride is comfortable but firm and road/wind noise are not too obtrusive at highway speeds. So far range has been more than comfortable for me and the free Electrify America charging has been consistently easy and fast. My battery consumption averages 25-32 kWh/100 mi which is slightly more efficient than the EPA rating. I also charge at home on a 110V outlet which gives 25-40 miles range overnight. I plan to install a 220V outlet to fully charge the battery overnight. Some minor tech complaints involve the iPhone app disconnecting, or the Android system in the car occasionally loosing LTE connection and needing to be reset. The seat senses your weight and that’s what turns the car on, but I also wish there was a way to leave the car on without being in the seat. As for the quality of the car, I have only a few gripes with some minor rattles in the interior and the overuse of shiny black plastic and scratches easily. Still, this car feels more luxurious and better-built than my BMW, and in a delightfully different Scandinavian style.
Report abuse

Used 2022 Polestar 2 in Tucson, AZ Values

Estimated values
2022 Polestar 2 Long Range Dual Motor 4dr Hatchback AWD (electric DD) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$24,487$26,090$27,771
Clean$24,061$25,582$27,173
Average$23,351$24,734$26,175
Rough$22,427$23,632$24,877

The average list price of a used 2022 Polestar 2 in Tucson, Arizona is $27,233. The average mileage on a used Polestar 2 2022 for sale in Tucson, Arizona is 28,107. Based on the average mileage of 28,107 for used 2022 Polestar 2 for sale in Tucson, AZ and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Polestar 2 2022 in Tucson, Arizona to be $23,351.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

EV Details

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.