Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
312 listings
  • New Listing
    $43,998
    fair price
    $1,317 above market
    • 45,263 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from IA to GA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Urbandale, IA / 789 miles away from Columbus, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1FVAF12KD034433
    Stock: 26713120
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $32,655
    fair price
    $404 above market
    • 81,737 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Baker Motor Company of Charleston (291 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Charleston, SC / 291 miles away from Columbus, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1EVAF15KD027004
    Stock: 14771M
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-16-2025

  • $39,999
    fair price
    $330 below market
    • 48,227 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Private Allstar Cars (351 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Largo, FL / 351 miles away from Columbus, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1CVAF17KD008803
    Stock: 7242
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-17-2025

  • $32,697
    fair price
    $650 above market
    • 82,761 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Barkley Buick GMC (150 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Tuscaloosa, AL / 150 miles away from Columbus, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1BVAF16KD032358
    Stock: 29558A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-08-2025

  • Price Drop
    Stock photo**
    $31,995
    fair price
    $377 above market
    • 85,415 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Louisville Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (390 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Louisville, KY / 390 miles away from Columbus, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1BVAF10KD038771
    Stock: P038771
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-12-2025

  • $42,998
    fair price
    $426 above market
    • 40,722 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Independence Boulevard (304 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 304 miles away from Columbus, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1EVAF19MD034895
    Stock: 26766577
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $35,186
    fair price
    $853 above market
    • 74,705 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Anderson Subaru (195 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Pensacola, FL / 195 miles away from Columbus, GA

    Anderson Subaru has a wide selection of exceptional pre-owned vehicles to choose from, including this 2019 Audi Q8. Want more room? Want more style? T...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1CVAF10KD034840
    Stock: 034840
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-08-2025

  • $36,998
    fair price
    $861 below market
    • 52,832 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to GA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Pleasanton, CA / 2,099 miles away from Columbus, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1EVAF1XKD021098
    Stock: 26682974
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $54,993
    great price
    $3,682 below market
    • 9,648 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Audi Wesley Chapel (341 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Wesley Chapel, FL / 341 miles away from Columbus, GA

    CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. 2022 Audi Q8 Galaxy Blue Metallic 55 Premium Plus quattro REMAINDER OF FACTORY WARRANTY, INCLUDES WARRANTY, SERVICE RE...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1EVBF12ND027651
    Stock: SA901674A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-22-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 84,302 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Integrity Chevrolet (173 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Chattanooga, TN / 173 miles away from Columbus, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1CVAF10KD032246
    Stock: C25297A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-14-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 57,509 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Gravity Autos Marietta (100 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Marietta, GA / 100 miles away from Columbus, GA

    No Accidents!, 10 Speakers, 4-Wheel Disc Brakes, ABS brakes, Adaptive suspension, Air Conditioning, Alloy wheels, AM/FM radio: SiriusXM, Audi Phone Bo...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1AVAF16KD021470
    Stock: 021470
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-25-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 64,582 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Audi South Atlanta (75 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Union City, GA / 75 miles away from Columbus, GA

    Thank you for choosing Audi South Atlanta, this Glacier White Metallic 2021 Audi Q8 Premium is a great choice! Check out the following:No Accidents! C...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1AVAF17MD018998
    Stock: TMD018998
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-08-2025

    • 40,388 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from VA to GA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Sterling, VA / 615 miles away from Columbus, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1FVAF19KD013997
    Stock: 27025251
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 42,108 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Universe (326 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Memphis, TN / 326 miles away from Columbus, GA

    Auto Universe- 7300 Winchester Road Memphis, TN 38125 House of CERTIFIED QUALITY PRE-OWNED VEHICLES WITHOUT CERTIFIED DEALER PRICE MARK-UP. CarGurus T...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1AVAF18KD019557
    Stock: 005077
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-26-2025

    • 63,820 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Hardee Auto Sales (353 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Conway, SC / 353 miles away from Columbus, GA

    KBB.com 10 Best Luxury SUVs. Only 63,820 Miles! Scores 22 Highway MPG and 17 City MPG! This Audi Q8 delivers a Intercooled Turbo Gas/Electric V-6 3.0 ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1CVAF12KD023225
    Stock: 241477A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-28-2025

  • New Listing
    • 47,055 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to GA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 651 miles away from Columbus, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1FVAF18KD020391
    Stock: 26705559
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 58,760 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Direct Auto (354 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Orlando, FL / 354 miles away from Columbus, GA

    Welcome to Direct Auto your go-to spot for the hottest deals on quality cars! We re all about making your car-buying experience quick, easy, and hassl...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1EVAF15KD012499
    Stock: 012499
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-28-2025

  • New Listing
    • 48,585 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to GA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Irving, TX / 692 miles away from Columbus, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1FVAF15KD046236
    Stock: 27481646
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 56,926 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from VA to GA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 547 miles away from Columbus, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1BVAF1XKD012050
    Stock: 27328479
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 58,256 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MD to GA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Brandywine, MD / 622 miles away from Columbus, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1EVAF15KD018772
    Stock: 26658466
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 57,208 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Jacksonville NC (465 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, NC / 465 miles away from Columbus, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1BVAF13MD006934
    Stock: 26920401
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 85 - 105 out of 312 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Audi Q8

Read recent reviews for the Audi Q8
Overall Consumer Rating
4.1 out of 5 stars29 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 29 reviews
  • 5 star
    (55%)
  • 4 star
    (21%)
  • 3 star
    (7%)
  • 2 star
    (14%)
  • 1 star
    (3%)
5 out of 5 stars

Audi, where have you been all my life?

Jim Shields, 04/20/2019
2019 Audi Q8 3.0 TFSI Premium quattro 4dr SUV AWD (3.0L 6cyl Turbo gas/electric hybrid 8A)
After months of research I purchased the Q8 with Premium Trim. The Q8 has exceeded my expectations as a sporty and luxurious SUV. As a tall man (6’6”), I feel right at home in the Q8 and driving it is a lot of fun! This SUV has all kinds of power and smoothness. The Technology in the vehicle is a lot but it becomes fairly intuitive after a few days. Super quiet on the inside! One … note for better or worse, the Q8 is bigger than you think - closer to the Q7 than the Q5. If you want a true midsized SUV I’d look at the Q5 and if I still had kids going to soccer, lacrosse, etc... I would have bought the Q7 The rear cargo area has enough room for my golf clubs, and work materials. The back seat has more room than any other vehicle I considered. I looked closely at and considered the BMW X5, Acura MDX, and the Mercedes GLE. Personally I don’t care for the looks of the Lexus or Infiniti SUVs, The Range Rovers looks great but I was scared away by the reliability reports on Edmunds, and I don’t really see myself as a Jag or Porsche owner.
Report abuse

Used 2019 Audi Q8 in Columbus, GA Values

Estimated values
2019 Audi Q8 3.0 TFSI Prestige quattro 4dr SUV AWD (3.0L 6cyl Turbo gas/electric mild hybrid 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$29,535$33,442$36,911
Clean$28,912$32,731$36,120
Average$27,874$31,546$34,801
Rough$26,524$30,005$33,087

The average list price of a used 2019 Audi Q8 in Columbus, Georgia is $38,811. The average mileage on a used Audi Q8 2019 for sale in Columbus, Georgia is 57,181. Based on the average mileage of 57,181 for used 2019 Audi Q8 for sale in Columbus, GA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Audi Q8 2019 in Columbus, Georgia to be $27,874.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.