Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
126 listings

Save with MINI Hardtop 2 Door rebates
Check your savings potential before you buy

  • Price Drop
    • 65,034 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 23 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 1,152 miles away from Spring, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWXP7C51K2A54604
    Stock: 2004010221
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-22-2025

    • 79,694 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 23 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to TX*
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 1,581 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWXP7C56H3B94120
    Stock: 27680031
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $19,998
    good price
    $3,069 below market
    • 39,145 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 26 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from AL to TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Montgomery, AL / 573 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWXR5C07L2M63269
    Stock: 27309866
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 14,930 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 28 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 204 miles away from Spring, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (28 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWXR3C09L2M20508
    Stock: 2004069290
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-16-2025

    • 46,380 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 114 mi range
    • AutoNation USA Houston (13 mi away)
    • Home delivery*Five Star Dealer
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 13 miles away from Spring, TX

    Navigation SystemKeyless StartRear SpoilerThis vehicle includes a Money-Back Guarantee* and passed our precise inspection process. Best of all th...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMW13DJ00N2P72475
    Stock: N2P72475
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-01-2025

  • New Listing
    $22,998
    fair price
    $191 below market
    • 38,140 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 26 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from PA to TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in King of Prussia, PA / 1,329 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWXR5C02L2L79103
    Stock: 27870652
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $19,998
    fair price
    $1,138 above market
    • 38,444 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 26 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CO to TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Federal Heights, CO / 865 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWXR5C0XL2L83755
    Stock: 27591623
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $18,998
    fair price
    $1,008 above market
    • 47,168 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 28 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from SC to TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Charleston, SC / 932 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (28 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWXR3C08L2L89137
    Stock: 27662260
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $17,998
    fair price
    $262 below market
    • 46,584 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 28 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NY to TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in East Meadow, NY / 1,435 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (28 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWXR3C04L2L47516
    Stock: 26718206
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 13,629 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax North Houston (7 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 7 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMW73DH07N2R39852
    Stock: 26845941
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 18,249 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 28 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 803 miles away from Spring, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (28 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWXR3C09L2L83749
    Stock: 2004011984
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-22-2025

  • New Listing
    • 2,412 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 26 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from SC to TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Myrtle Beach, SC / 1,004 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWXR5C07L2M11415
    Stock: 27631484
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 27,080 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 28 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 699 miles away from Spring, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (28 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWXR3C07L2M80206
    Stock: 2004019084
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-11-2025

    • 44,083 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 26 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 803 miles away from Spring, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWXR5C02L2L59854
    Stock: 2003877587
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-08-2025

  • New Listing
    • 24,938 miles
    • 28 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 855 miles away from Spring, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (28 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWXR3C0XL2M37012
    Stock: 2004052517
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-22-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 47,362 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 26 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Springfield, VA / 1,204 miles away from Spring, TX

    Rare Find,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Keyless Start,Sunroof / Moonroof,Turbo/Supercharged,4 Cylinder Engine,4-Wheel Disc Brakes,7-Speed A/T,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWXR5C07L2L34934
    Stock: SD325896AA
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 13,064 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 29 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • MINI of the Woodlands (12 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Conroe, TX / 12 miles away from Spring, TX

    Dual MoonroofKeyless StartRear SpoilerThis vehicle includes a Money-Back Guarantee* and passed our precise inspection process. Best of all the pr...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (29 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMW33DH05P2T07529
    Stock: P2T07529
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-06-2025

  • $24,590
    good price
    $2,199 below market
    • 18,243 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 23 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in New York City, NY / 1,418 miles away from Spring, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWXR5C06M2P15241
    Stock: 2003979663
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-20-2025

    • 52,199 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 23 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 204 miles away from Spring, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWXR9C08M2P33781
    Stock: 2003896403
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-12-2025

  • Price Drop
    $21,990
    fair price
    $674 below market
    • 14,893 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 90 - 93 mi est. range
    • Excellent battery score
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Kansas City, MO / 628 miles away from Spring, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWXP3C00M2P23703
    Stock: 2004026062
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-04-2025

  • New Listing
    • 45,891 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 23 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CT to TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Waterbury, CT / 1,486 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWXR9C03M2P18296
    Stock: 27627338
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 43 - 63 out of 126 listings

Consumer Reviews for the MINI Hardtop 2 Door

Read recent reviews for the MINI Hardtop 2 Door
Overall Consumer Rating
4.6 out of 5 stars14 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 14 reviews
  • 5 star
    (86%)
  • 4 star
    (7%)
  • 3 star
    (0%)
  • 2 star
    (0%)
  • 1 star
    (7%)
5 out of 5 stars

I love my Mini! :)

Justin, 09/26/2021
2017 MINI Hardtop 2 Door Cooper 2dr Hatchback (1.5L 3cyl Turbo 6M)
I bought my 2017 Mini Cooper 2-Door Hardtop off a lease last year (in Summer 2020) with 38k miles. So far, she has been an absolute pleasure; the reviewer who said this is the kind of car you turn to look back at and smile when you park it is 100 percent on the money; this car isn't a practical decision but if you have that flexibility, it's worth the indulgence. My car has the base … Cooper engine and I still feel that oomph when I gun it; it's a blast! My car has a few extras: heated seats, panoramic sunroof, and the 6.6" display that became standard in 2017 models; overall, this car feels much more deluxe than its price tag dictates. It is after all a BMW in British costume so you get the best of both worlds, and it drives like a video game dream; I find the curviest roads in upstate NY to zip down and my Mini never fails to deliver! Maintenance/service on this car are expensive; a couple of brake pads and a sensor replacement cost me $625 after just a few months of owning the car, but that's part of the deal for having a beautiful, comfortably appointed subcompact that still turns heads!
Report abuse

Used 2019 MINI Hardtop 2 Door in Spring, TX Values

Estimated values
2019 MINI Hardtop 2 Door Cooper S 2dr Hatchback (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 6A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$14,211$16,594$18,736
Clean$13,825$16,117$18,167
Average$13,183$15,322$17,221
Rough$12,347$14,289$15,990

The average list price of a used 2019 MINI Hardtop 2 Door in Spring, Texas is $21,500. The average mileage on a used MINI Hardtop 2 Door 2019 for sale in Spring, Texas is 35,122. Based on the average mileage of 35,122 for used 2019 MINI Hardtop 2 Door for sale in Spring, TX and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used MINI Hardtop 2 Door 2019 in Spring, Texas to be $13,183.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

EV Details

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.