Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
2,607 listings
  • $38,990
    good price
    $2,402 below market
    • 18,784 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl manual
    • Carvana - Cleveland (169 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Cleveland, OH / 169 miles away from Lansing, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G1FE1R73J0100184
    Stock: 2004026238
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-03-2025

  • New Listing
    $37,590
    fair price
    $97 above market
    • 10,864 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Carvana - Cleveland (169 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Cleveland, OH / 169 miles away from Lansing, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G1FH3D77G0154753
    Stock: 2003967920
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-08-2025

    • 72,555 miles
    • 1 accident, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Frankfort Car Outlet (189 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Frankfort, IL / 189 miles away from Lansing, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G1FF1R77H0147788
    Stock: 12721
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 107,701 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Munoz Auto Center (198 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Frankfort, IN / 198 miles away from Lansing, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G1FB1RS8H0192948
    Stock: 192948
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $60,888
    good price
    $2,111 below market
    • 13,581 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Criswell Maserati (453 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Germantown, MD / 453 miles away from Lansing, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G1FK1R6XJ0166652
    Stock: M240065A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-16-2025

  • $15,995
    good price
    $2,288 below market
    • 90,586 miles
    • 3 accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • VIP Auto Sales (224 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Franklin, OH / 224 miles away from Lansing, MI

    At VIP Auto Sales & Service, we prioritize your satisfaction with:Quality Vehicles: A wide selecon of thoroughly inspected, reliable pre-owned cars,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G1FB1RS9G0121661
    Stock: 12464
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-22-2025

  • Price Drop
    $32,590
    good price
    $2,289 below market
    • 30,871 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Carvana - Cleveland (169 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Cleveland, OH / 169 miles away from Lansing, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G1FF1R7XG0136783
    Stock: 2004040163
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-04-2025

  • $38,995
    fair price
    $1,022 below market
    • 6,495 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl manual
    • Motor Cars Mitsubishi (199 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Aurora, IL / 199 miles away from Lansing, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G1FG1R7XJ0143348
    Stock: 1369
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-16-2025

  • Price Drop
    $21,565
    fair price
    $620 above market
    • 45,078 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Chesrown Chevrolet GMC (187 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Delaware, OH / 187 miles away from Lansing, MI

    Clean CARFAX. 19/29 City/Highway MPG Odometer is 18241 miles below market average!Why buy at Chesrown? How about our FREE Lifetime Powertrain Warrant...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G1FB1RS8J0113431
    Stock: C25769A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-02-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $33,988
    good price
    $3,115 below market
    • 57,487 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 8cyl manual
    • Ray Skillman Chevrolet (222 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 222 miles away from Lansing, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G1FG1R75J0113836
    Stock: P11249A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-22-2025

  • $17,995
    good price
    $982 below market
    • 61,201 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • DMV Auto (476 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Stafford, VA / 476 miles away from Lansing, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G1FB1RX7J0115411
    Stock: DMV1479
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 104,903 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Unlimited Auto Group (234 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in West Chester, OH / 234 miles away from Lansing, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G1FB1RS0H0204199
    Stock: 204199
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $35,990
    fair price
    $553 below market
    • 16,870 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 8cyl manual
    • Jack Schmitt Chevrolet of Wood River (393 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Wood River, IL / 393 miles away from Lansing, MI

    This 2016 Chevrolet Camaro SS is a high-performance vehicle that is sure to turn heads. It has a low mileage of 16,870 miles and is powered by a 6.2 l...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G1FG1R78G0161534
    Stock: P7805
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-29-2025

  • $39,990
    fair price
    $401 below market
    • 17,525 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Napleton Kia of Fishers (204 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Fishers, IN / 204 miles away from Lansing, MI

    CARFAX One-Owner. Red Hot 2018 Chevrolet Camaro 2D Coupe SS 2SS 6.2L V8 RWD Odometer is 3216 miles below market average! Clean CARFAX.One Owner, Loc...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G1FH1R74J0107913
    Stock: FICO5731
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-30-2025

  • $55,000
    good price
    $2,690 below market
    • 31,766 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Fayetteville Dodge Ram (431 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in East Syracuse, NY / 431 miles away from Lansing, MI

    Come In And Experience this 2018 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1. For Info & Availability, Contact our Internet Team at (315) 256-6552.CONDITION:Keys: Two KeysFr...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G1FK1R65J0184170
    Stock: F251531
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-07-2025

  • $15,495
    good price
    $1,575 below market
    • 99,075 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Good Budget Auto (234 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Fairfield, OH / 234 miles away from Lansing, MI

    2018 Chevrolet Camaro LT -- 2DR / COUPE -- 3.6L V6 F DOHC 24V -- AUTOMATIC -- BACK UP CAMERA -- START ENGINE -- POWER DRIVER'S SEAT -- POWER WINDOWS ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G1FB1RS7J0182370
    Stock: 182370
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $17,995
    good price
    $2,408 below market
    • 92,961 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Indy Auto Man (225 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 225 miles away from Lansing, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G1FB1RS9J0151749
    Stock: SZ4354
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-18-2025

  • New Listing
    $30,999
    fair price
    $1,574 below market
    • 32,499 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 8cyl manual
    • Lakeside Chevrolet (121 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Warsaw, IN / 121 miles away from Lansing, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G1FE1R76G0185594
    Stock: B723-313
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-19-2025

  • $32,500
    good price
    $1,289 below market
    • 38,386 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Frederick Chevrolet of Lebanon (452 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Lebanon, PA / 452 miles away from Lansing, MI

    Frederick Chevrolet has the best selection of used cars in Lebanon, PA. Let the team at Frederick Chevrolet of Lebanon help you with any Trade in or F...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G1FH1R77G0156600
    Stock: 21057Q
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-12-2025

  • $16,321
    fair price
    $556 above market
    • 84,034 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl manual
    • Feldman Chevrolet of New Hudson (50 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in New Hudson, MI / 50 miles away from Lansing, MI

    **CARFAX 2024 Top Rated Dealer***VEHICLE LOCATED AT FELDMAN CHEVROLET OF NEW HUDSON CALL (248) 486-1900*. 18/27 City/Highway MPG Clean CARFAX.Chevrole...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G1FA1RS2G0168128
    Stock: PLA204815A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-23-2025

  • $35,999
    fair price
    $1,143 below market
    • 14,272 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Minnesota Truck Headquarters of Forest Lake (455 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Forest Lake, MN / 455 miles away from Lansing, MI

    2016 Chevrolet Camaro SS 2SS w/ Sunroof / HUD 6.2L V8 RWD 8-Speed Automatic Blue Velvet Metallic 2SS w/ Sunroof / HUD 2D Coupe *** CARFAX CERTIFIED - ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G1FH1R73G0136795
    Stock: FD13470
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-22-2025

Showing 106 - 126 out of 2,607 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Chevrolet Camaro

Read recent reviews for the Chevrolet Camaro
Overall Consumer Rating
4.4 out of 5 stars65 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 65 reviews
  • 5 star
    (68%)
  • 4 star
    (23%)
  • 3 star
    (0%)
  • 2 star
    (5%)
  • 1 star
    (5%)
5 out of 5 stars

Vastly improved car over prior generations

Greg Miller, 09/09/2016
2017 Chevrolet Camaro 2SS 2dr Coupe (6.2L 8cyl 6M)
I have previously owned a fourth generation and a fifth generation Camaro. The fourth gen had good handling and surprisingly good fuel economy (especially for a V8), but was rough around the edges. The fifth generation was a porky car that seemed slower and while nicely styled, was impossible to see out of. It seems like GM got it right for this particular version. The acceleration … (V8) is the quickest of any production car I have ever purchased, while the handling is glued to the road and the braking is first rate. But outside of the sports/muscle-car aspects, the biggest improvements are in refinement and features. In short, it is actually a nice to borderline luxurious interior that is comfortable with logical controls and well-laid-out instrument clusters and displays. The seats are essentially perfect, and even things like the steering wheel feel like they were made with optimal comfort in mind. Features like the controllable vehicle modes (Touring/Sport/Track/Snow-Ice) are a nice plus. Another plus (with the optional dual model exhaust I have) is that the car makes it clear that it is serious - the only description I have for it is that it snarls like it is angry with a don't-mess-with-me-attitude whenever you stomp on it or first fire it up. There are still negatives to the car - the biggest one is that while it is improved, the outward visibility is still not great. Another negative is the back seats are really only fit for children or small adults, so this is best thought of as a Corvette with back seats. But the pluses of the car easily win out. One other note - while I have always been a stick-shift driver, this is the first automatic vehicle (with the optional A8) I have owned that I actually like. The shifting of the auto is first rate. I am also seeing almost 27 MPG on the highway with my admitted lead-foot driving. All in all, this is by far the best muscle car I have ever purchased in a continual stream of them I have had all the way back to my high school days.
Report abuse

Used 2018 Chevrolet Camaro in Lansing, MI Values

Estimated values
2018 Chevrolet Camaro 1SS 2dr Coupe (6.2L 8cyl 6M) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$24,926$27,705$30,025
Clean$24,148$26,796$28,990
Average$22,851$25,280$27,267
Rough$21,166$23,309$25,027

The average list price of a used 2018 Chevrolet Camaro in Lansing, Michigan is $31,239. The average mileage on a used Chevrolet Camaro 2018 for sale in Lansing, Michigan is 49,881. Based on the average mileage of 49,881 for used 2018 Chevrolet Camaro for sale in Lansing, MI and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Chevrolet Camaro 2018 in Lansing, Michigan to be $22,851.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.