Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
4,800 listings
  • New Listing
    $17,900
    great price
    $8,444 below market
    • 130,283 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6'4” bed, 5.7l, 8cyl
    • Dan Cummins Ford Lincoln (354 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Nicholasville, KY / 354 miles away from Macon, GA

    This 2014 Ram 2500 SLT 4x4 is being offered to you as an alternative to us taking to the auction. This Ram 2500 is a well equipped truck that comes wi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C6TR5DT1EG207379
    Stock: 2731A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-09-2025

  • $13,484
    great price
    $11,813 below market
    • 210,042 miles
    • 1 accident, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6'4” bed, 6.4l, 8cyl
    • CarHeroes (348 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Seffner, FL / 348 miles away from Macon, GA

    CERTIFIED 90 DAYS / 3,000 MILES NATIONWIDE LIMITED WARRANTY ON EVERY VEHICLE! 4.9 OUT OF 5 STARS! 3,500+ GOOGLE REVIEWS! THE HIGHEST RATED DEALER IN F...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C6UR5PJ9EG307034
    Stock: 4225A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-13-2025

  • $20,354
    great price
    $7,991 below market
    • 93,541 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, rental vehicle
    • 6'4” bed, 5.7l, 8cyl
    • Car Sharpie (67 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Loganville, GA / 67 miles away from Macon, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C6TR5DT4EG217663
    Stock: 12831
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $22,495
    great price
    $5,907 below market
    • 140,052 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 6'4” bed, 5.7l, 8cyl
    • Oaks Automotive (428 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 428 miles away from Macon, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C6TR5NT3EG143733
    Stock: J143733
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $23,999
    great price
    $6,829 below market
    • 112,556 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6'4” bed, 6.4l, 8cyl
    • Auto Expo Corp (83 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Smyrna, GA / 83 miles away from Macon, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C6UR5GJ4EG191287
    Stock: 191287
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $25,995
    fair price
    $2,591 below market
    • 45,972 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 6'4” bed, 6.4l, 8cyl
    • Glenn Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (389 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    Close

    Located in Crestwood, KY / 389 miles away from Macon, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C6UR5CJ7EG263623
    Stock: AP1799
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-04-2025

  • $18,995
    good price
    $4,950 below market
    • 165,992 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 6'4” bed, 6.4l, 8cyl
    • Right Price Auto Sales (232 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Waldo, FL / 232 miles away from Macon, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C6UR5DJ8EG235232
    Stock: 13323
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $23,887
    fair price
    $192 below market
    • 186,735 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 6'4” bed, 6.4l, 8cyl
    • Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram of Albertville (171 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Albertville, AL / 171 miles away from Macon, GA

    Clean CARFAX. **Call Phillip @ 256-558-8021** 2014 Ram 2500 Outdoorsman Black Clearcoat 4WD 6-Speed Automatic 6.4L V8** Backup Camera, ** Bluetooth,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C6UR5DJ5EG131118
    Stock: P1634C
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-29-2025

  • New Listing
    $34,995
    fair price
    $1,863 below market
    • 106,240 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 6'4” bed, 6.7l, 6cyl
    • Driveway (355 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Lexington, KY / 355 miles away from Macon, GA

    Rare Find,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Leather Seats,Premium Sound,Remote Start,Satellite Radio,Tow Hitch,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C6UR5FLXEG158006
    Stock: EG158006A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $39,991
    fair price
    $1,297 below market
    • 67,150 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 6'4” bed, 6.7l, 6cyl
    • Plaza Chrysler Jeep Dodge Ram (291 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Inverness, FL / 291 miles away from Macon, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C6UR5FL8EG314088
    Stock: CD1707
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-09-2025

  • $25,988
    fair price
    $277 above market
    • 111,489 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 6'4” bed, 5.7l, 8cyl
    • City Auto Mitsubishi (256 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Murfreesboro, TN / 256 miles away from Macon, GA

    Vehicle DetailsFor those seeking power and reliability, this 2014 Ram 2500 Lone Star is the perfect choice. With its robust V8, 5.7L engine an...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C6TR5DT2EG138699
    Stock: 512198
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-19-2025

  • New Listing
    $27,000
    fair price
    $660 above market
    • 176,292 miles
    • 6'4” bed, 6.7l, 6cyl
    • JC Lewis Ford Hinesville (144 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Hinesville, GA / 144 miles away from Macon, GA

    Strength meets sophistication in this 2014 Ram 2500 Big Horn, built to take on heavy-duty work without sacrificing comfort. Outfitted with the Big Hor...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C6UR5DLXEG196029
    Stock: HF5044A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-17-2025

    • 99,767 miles
    • 1 accident, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 6'4” bed, 6.7l, 6cyl
    • Dan Cummins Ford Lincoln (354 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    Close

    Located in Nicholasville, KY / 354 miles away from Macon, GA

    This 2014 Ram 2500 Tradesman 4x4 is being offered to you as an alternative to us taking to the auction. This Ram 2500 is a strong running, well equipp...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C6UR5CLXEG291823
    Stock: 2906
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-11-2025

    • 135,892 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 6'4” bed, 6.7l, 6cyl
    • Shelbyville Auto Sales (239 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Shelbyville, TN / 239 miles away from Macon, GA

    NICE TRUCK...GOOD MILES...STEP BARS...LEATHER...HEATED AND COOLED SEATS...TRAILER BRAKES...GOOSENECK SET UP...EXHUAST BRAKES...THIS TRUCK IS POWERED B...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C6UR5GL9EG179637
    Stock: 9360
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $17,900
    fair price
    $391 below market
    • 180,032 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 8'2” bed, 6.4l, 8cyl
    • Funkys Automotive (487 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Upgraded Engine
    Close

    Located in Grove City, OH / 487 miles away from Macon, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C6UR5HJ8EG231157
    Stock: 24604
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    Photos not available
    • 175,676 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 6'4” bed, 6.7l, 6cyl
    • Richard Kay Superstore (131 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Anderson, SC / 131 miles away from Macon, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C6UR5CL6EG147587
    Stock: M307470B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-15-2025

  • New Listing
    $22,990
    great price
    $5,094 below market
    • 164,180 miles
    • 6'4” bed, 6.4l, 8cyl
    • Preferred Auto Wholesale (214 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Moncks Corner, SC / 214 miles away from Macon, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C6UR5FJ8FG685378
    Stock: 685378
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $15,995
    fair price
    $734 below market
    • 194,423 miles
    • 3 accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 8'2” bed, 5.7l, 8cyl
    • Paley Auto Group (489 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 489 miles away from Macon, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C6TR5HT0EG219002
    Stock: 219002
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $28,999
    good price
    $1,126 below market
    • 196,738 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 6'4” bed, 6.7l, 6cyl
    • North Georgia Auto Brokers (69 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Snellville, GA / 69 miles away from Macon, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C6UR5GL4EG315303
    Stock: 5303sam
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 103,054 miles
    • Frame damage reported, 5 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6'4” bed, 6.4l, 8cyl
    • Jeff Wyler Chrysler Jeep Dodge Ram Of Lawrenceburg (434 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Lawrenceburg, IN / 434 miles away from Macon, GA

    Jeff Wyler Chrysler Dodge Jeep of Lawrenceburg is pleased to offer this good-looking 2014 Ram 2500 Laramie Longhorn in Granite Crystal Metallic Clearc...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: Yes

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C6UR5GJ9EG315795
    Stock: 2811532A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-16-2025

  • Photos not available
    • 145,087 miles
    • 1 accident, 5 owners, rental vehicle
    • 6'4” bed, 6.7l, 6cyl
    • Jim Hudson Buick GMC (182 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Upgraded Engine
    Close

    Located in Columbia, SC / 182 miles away from Macon, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C6UR5DL1EG203823
    Stock: B28871A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-12-2025

Showing 1 - 21 out of 4,800 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Ram 2500

Read recent reviews for the Ram 2500
Overall Consumer Rating
3.4 out of 5 stars31 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 31 reviews
  • 5 star
    (39%)
  • 4 star
    (16%)
  • 3 star
    (10%)
  • 2 star
    (26%)
  • 1 star
    (10%)
2 out of 5 stars

2013 Ram Cummins SLT 4 dr. long bed

Habitual Dodge Cummins owner, 08/08/2018
2013 Ram 2500 SLT 4dr Crew Cab 4WD LB (5.7L 8cyl 6A)
Think long and hard before you buy this truck. I traded in my '02 model, similarly equipped, knowing that the older model would require some shop time, before long. It turned out that the new truck spent much more time in the shop than the old one ever did. High points are the refinements. The new 6.7L Cummins in the later Ram models are whisper-quiet at highway speeds. The new truck is … much more stable. Gone is the death wobble that threatened the older models at higher speeds. Mileage is on par with the older, 12v Cummins in the Dodge Rams. Highway mileage regularly calculates above 20 mpg, with a best ever of 23.9, driven at or below the speed limit on a round trip between Soldotna and Seward, AK. With a heavy trailer, right at the 17k lb. capacity of the truck, mileage dropped below 10 mpg on the same highway (a hilly, twisty highway). Here are the downsides: this truck has been in the shop for repair for three months, in the two and a half years that I've owned it, starting with a check engine light on the first drive home from the dealership. It was back and forth to their shop seven times, all for different problems, in the first nine months that I owned it, for a total of two months in that time period. I also replaced the water pump, myself, during that time. It has been replaced a second time, since then. The main exhaust emission components were all replaced twice. The rear differential failed, and was rebuilt. The heater fan quit working, and one dealer took two weeks to fix it, replacing the fuse box, at a cost to me of $1k. As soon as the warranty was out on the emissions system, I pulled it all off, and installed the biggest muffler I could buy. I like to be able to hear myself think. That cost $1,300 for materials and the programmer, not including my time to weld the exhaust and remove the problematic devices. Now, at 67,500 miles, the variable geometry turbo actuator has failed. The dealer first quoted me $2,800 for the device, which is in stock, and said they could drop it to as low as $1,950. Since the powertrain warranty ran out two months ago, this is my cost. I opted to mail the actuator to a repair place, at a cost of $500, and two weeks out of service. Again, not counting my labor. Speaking of the VGT, the exhaust brake is a nice feature that doesn't work like it should, with the automatic. It works best with a heavy trailer, but only if you are using the brakes. At highway speeds, the exhaust brake will slow you down to 55, then the torque converter unlocks, and the truck coasts at an idle. You get better compression braking naturally with the exhaust brake off, because the torque converter stays locked. You can make the exhaust brake work better by downshifting manually, but touching the throttle will leave you coasting when the torque converter unlocks, and the control for manually shifting barely works. The A/C quit working not long after they fixed the heater fan, and I haven't gotten it fixed, yet. One of the two USB ports does not work. The sheet metal on the body is thin, and both doors were already dinged when I bought it, at 20k miles, apparently by people pushing the doors, near the handle, to close them. The left third of the rearview mirror turns into the backup camera, which basically makes the mirror useless for backing up the truck, especially if it's dark. The truck is prone to understeer, and traction control is an unwelcome inconvenience that can't be turned completely off unless in four wheel drive, at a dead stop. It also leaves you with a considerable throttle lag, as the computer decides whether or not it can give the throttle input you desire. The value of the truck has declined steadily, since I bought it, and it is still barely worth what I owe on it. Summing it up, the truck fails in several of the categories which are the main reasons to buy a diesel pickup, including reliability, durability, and resale value. Good power, mileage, refinement, and work ability. The roomy interior is nice to sit in, even when the truck doesn't run.
Report abuse

Used 2014 Ram 2500 in Macon, GA Values

Estimated values
2014 Ram 2500 SLT 4dr Crew Cab 4WD SB (5.7L 8cyl 6A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$16,531$18,736$20,124
Clean$15,826$17,879$19,144
Average$14,653$16,452$17,509
Rough$13,127$14,597$15,384

The average list price of a used 2014 Ram 2500 in Macon, Georgia is $25,425. The average mileage on a used Ram 2500 2014 for sale in Macon, Georgia is 140,057. Based on the average mileage of 140,057 for used 2014 Ram 2500 for sale in Macon, GA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Ram 2500 2014 in Macon, Georgia to be $14,653.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Truck Details

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.